School of Public Administration and Management (SOPAM)
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Item A scientometric analysis of entrepreneurship research in the age of COVID-19 pandemic(Future Business Journal, 2023) Lwesya, Francis; Mwakasangula, ElizaThis article conducted a scientometric analysis of entrepreneurship research during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. The results show that the research focused on four thematic research clusters, namely (a) entrepreneurship and crisis management (b) social entrepreneurship and collaborative networks (c) entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions, and (d) entrepreneurship and adaptation measures to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis shows that while the COVID-19 pandemic has had significant negative impacts on entrepreneurship, innovation, digital transformation, resilience and adaptability, dynamic capabilities and organisational learning, collaborative networks, government support and customer-centric approaches enabled entrepreneurs to navigate the crisis. The review highlights the role of digital technologies, self-efficacy, organisational resilience, social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education in promoting small business development in the post-pandemic era.Item Assessment of community engagement and success of education projects in Tanzania: A case of Changarawe village, Morogoro(Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal), 2023) Mwakasangula, ElizaEducation has been a global agenda that has been promoted by countries and different international agencies. Various countries including Tanzania have been implementing various programmes and projects to promote the education sector. Community engagement has been claimed to be vital in success of these projects. However, factors promoting community engagement and methods used to engage community members in education projects in Tanzania have not been well captured in the literature. Social capital theory was used to guide the study. Data was collected from Changarawe village in Morogoro. The study used a descriptive research design. Qualitative approach was used to collect data from 14 respondents by using interviews and focus group discussion as tools of data collection. Purposive sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 14 participants for interviews and 9 participants for focus group discussions which made a sample size of 23 for the study. Thematic analysis was used to analyze collected data. The study found community engagement is enhanced to the large extent by leaders in the study area. Moreover, significance of the projects was found to play an important role in enhancing community engagement. Various methods of engaging community members were found through five major themes which are village meetings, sports and games, social media networks, phone calls and door-to-door. The study recommends community members to be engaged throughout the project cycle and multiple methods of engaging the community has to be used to increase level of community engagement in education and other related development projects.Item Assessment of legal instruments in the management of employees’ discipline in the public service commission(Mzumbe Unversity, 2017) Fransis, Lilian Denisiscipline plays an important role in administration and management of Public Service. Acknowledging this role, my research aimed at assessing how effective are the legal instruments that govern discipline in the Tanzania Public Service. Despite the legal framework currently in force, public servants have, at a greater speed, continue to violate disciplinary rules and principles. The situation above triggered the researcher into assessing the effectiveness of legal instruments governing discipline in the Public Service. This was the main objective of the study with other specific objectives aimed at identifying the mostly used legal instruments in managing disciplinary issues in the Public Service, the mostly used approach in managing discipline in the Public Service and factors that affect effective implementation of these instruments.A research methodology opted was the use a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed electronically so as to ease the data collection process. And sample chosen included a total of 82 managerial and middle class Officers from Public Service Commission considering its role as a Regulatory Body and an Appellate Authority for public servants who are aggrieved by the decision of their Disciplinary Authorities. The data collected were thoroughly analyzed by the aid of Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS). The findings revealed that the mostly used legal instruments in managing discipline in the Public Service is the Standing Order for the Public Service of 2009, the mostly used approach by Appointing and Disciplinary Authorities in managing disciplinary issues is the sanctional approach.What need be done to rectify the situation is strengthen sensitization programs so as to raise awareness to the public servants of other legal instruments that govern discipline, implement correctional approach in managing discipline, enhancing close monitoring and supervision among public servants, harmonizing and rationalizing pay and incentive across the Service, ensuring that employees’ Human Resource related issues are handled timely and promptly and raising ethics campaigns not only in Public Service but to the Public so as to ensure that the general public understands the same.Item Assessment of the effectiveness of performance appraisal in private secondary schools: The case of Mawengi secondary school(Mzumbe University, 2013) Irene E. SangaThe aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Performance Appraisal System in private secondary schools. The study was carried out at Mawengi Secondary School in Dar es Salaam using case study design. The sample size was 35 respondents from teaching and non-teaching staff.Sampling techniques used were purposive and random sampling methods.Data collection techniques were questionnaire administration, personal interview, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and documentary review. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Simple frequency analysis and tabulations were used. The findings revealed that majority of respondents at Mawengi Secondary school were aware of the Performance Appraisal System and performance appraisal was mentioned to be effective. The result also shows that employees at Mawengi Secondary School had positive attitude towards the Performance Appraisal System and the way it is implemented. It is recommended that that in order for Performance Appraisal System to be more effective the top management must give enough support to ensure that Performance Appraisal System is under control. There should be good and proper training of the employees in case there are problems of failure to attain their objectives to improve the employee‟s competence. Also, Performance Appraisal at Mawengi Secondary School should be fair to the employees rather than being biased and lastly, management decision on promotion, transfer, demotion and wage increase should rely on the performance report. This will help employees to develop a positive attitude on the Performance Appraisal System.Item Assessment of the factors influencing shortage of health care providers in rural and remote public health facilities in Morogoro Region(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwemfula, AlexanderSevere shortage of qualified health workers in rural and remote public health facilities in the workforce in many low income countries including Tanzania require the national health sector management to closely monitor and address issues related to the distribution of health workers across various types of health facilities. This dissertation discusses the factors influencing shortage of health care providers in rural public health facilities in Tanzania. A Qualitative research design was used to elicit in depth information on health workers preferences for workplace. Data were obtained from 29 respondents who filled semi structured questionnaires and 8 respondents who were indepthly interviewed. Respondents involved in this study were health care providers in cadres of Clinical Officers, Nurses and Laboratory Technicians and Members of District Council Health Management Team. The study found out that there is a substantial shortage healthcare provider in Kilosa District. This shortage was associated with poor working environment, poor motivation strategies to attract health care providers to work in rural public health facilities, low job motivation, and low monetary compensations (allowances). Health workers acknowledged that they have hard working environment and they don’t have enough time to rest because of overloaded tasks. This study observed that decisions of health care providers to choose or not choosing to work in rural public health facilities among other things depends mainly on one’s job satisfaction, motivation, career decisions, relationships with others and personal health. Job satisfaction of healthcare workers is also an essential part of ensuring high quality care and there is evidence of a positive correlation between job satisfaction and patient satisfactionItem Assessment of work-stress among Public Sector Employees in Tanzania: A Case study of the Ministry of Home Affairs Headquarters (MoHA), Tanzania(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Kaminyoge, NelsonThe study aimed at assessing the level of work - related stress and how it impacts the organization performance. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the causes of work stress among employees in the Ministry of Home Affairs, to identify the work related stress level of employees in the Ministry of Home Affairs in Tanzania, to assess the possible effects of stress on Job performances in the Ministry of Home Affairs in Tanzania and to suggest strategies that can be employed to reduce the effect of stress in the Ministry of Home Affairs in Tanzania. In this study data were collected using a questionnaire survey and interview method where the sample size of the study was 56 respondents. The study was conducted at the Ministry of Home Affairs Headquarters, Dar es Salaam. The study findings revealed that there is high level of stress among public sectors employees which affect work performance. This work – related stresses were caused by many factors such as poor pay, too much work, lack of recognition of employees performance, failure of recognizing employees skills and profession, lack of promotions and poor working environment. The study findings also revealed that there were many effects associated with high level of stress among employees including poor work performance, frequencies of absenteeism, frequent sick leaves and many endless complaints which if not attended can erode employee morale and result into poor work performance. The major limitation of the study is based on data collection. Respondents were busy with their daily ethos and could not answer questionnaires within the time so researcher had to use extra time to persuade them and much energy to collect questionnaires. Also some of the respondents were not ready to be recorded during interview which costed much researcher’s time. It is generally recommended that the government should take serious measures to eradicate/reduce stress among its employees because if not attended can result into poor employee performance among work organizationsItem Conflicts among councillors in the local government authorities: A tale of Msalala District Council(African Journal of Governance and Development, 2023) Swai, Idda Lyatonga; Uhahula, Faraja Cosmas; Ndesekio, Vicent Evarist; Nyakega, Chacha Timasi; Igulu, GeorgeThis paper focused on conflicts among councillors in Tanzania's Local Government Authorities, where qualitative approaches were employed in data collection and analysis. The study focused on understanding the causes and effects of conflicts in the Local Government Authorities where Msalala District Council in Shinyanga Region was used as a case study. A sample of 22 participants was interviewed through mobile calls. Various local government documents, including the minutes of meetings and reports, were reviewed. The study found three types of conflicts at Msalala District Council. The conflict between the elected councillors themselves, conflicts between the District Council Chairperson and other councillors and conflicts between elected (Ward) councillors and special seat councillors. It was further found that the conflicts were contributed by the low level of education among councillors, personal interest and selfishness, poor communication, conflicting roles and unequal distribution of resources. The study found that the conflicts among the councillors affected the implementation of projects in the council, reduced the morale of the special seat councillors and increased unnecessary costs to the council. Different mechanisms have been adopted to resolve conflicts, like collective bargaining and cooperativeness, which are emphasized for the growth of local government authorities, and this reduces the rate of biased decisions. This study recommends training for councillors immediately after being elected to provide awareness of their roles and duties in the local government authority.Item Contribution of change management on staff performance: The Case study of Tanzania airport authority(Mzumbe Unversity, 2017) Mtondoo, SabrinaChange has become a constant phenomenon which must be managed properly for an organisation to survive. Knowledge and awareness about many of the critical issues involved in the management of such change is often lacking. The central focus of this study was to investigate the contribution of change management on staff performance, understanding of change and the contribution of change management within a public sector organisation. Tanzania Airports Authority was selected as the case study where intensive investigation was done to get information related to the research problem. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to analyse the effect of change management on organisational culture specifically aimed to identify the reality of change management in TAA; to determine the extent to which change management contributes to staff performance of TAA; to evaluate the effects of change management on staff performance of TAA; to explore the contribution of change management in areas of organisational structure, planning, technology change, changes in level of management and change in staffing; and, to explore how management change reflects the performance culture. The study was based at TAA headquarters. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of the data collection were adopted using interview, review of documents and copies of a questionnaire comprising 18 questions that were distributed to 269 respondents. The response rate was 216 staff which was 83.7% of the targeted sample. Based on this sample the results obtained indicate that change in management has a clear effect on the performance of employees. The findings can prove useful to human resource policy and decision makers, human resource departments, as well as government and academic institutions. For achieving successful staff performance, workers should be properly motivated and trained on change programmes and should be educated on the reasons for change.Item Contribution of trade unions on promoting employment security among fuel filling stations’ workers in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania(Mzumbe Unversity, 2017) Nkaya, Lena MartinThis study explored the contribution of trade unions in promoting employment security for workers in fuel filling stations in Dar es Salaam. It involved a structured questionnaire with 102 randomly selected respondents from 52 filling stations (31 from city center and 21 outside the city) and interviews with two officials from TAMICO as well as review of official documents including action plans. Questionnaire data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software plus manual examination of statistical outputs. Data from interviews and documentary sources were analyzed using thematic and content analysis methods. The findings revealed that, majority of the workers experienced employment security challenges in their workplaces. Majority of respondents felt that their security of employment was either very low or low. The key employment security challenges include fear of losing job, limited employers’ concern for employees’ livelihood, threats of being fired, lower wages, and absence (or unclear) contractual employment terms. Gender and the duration that the workers had worked for the filling station were the only demographic factors that were significantly associated with variation in perceptions of employment security. Overall, employees felt that TAMICO has very low contribution to the promotion of their employment security, mainly due to absence of TAMICO operations in most of the work places. The strategies that TAMICO used to promote employment security were pioneering, monitoring, educational, and networking where more preference was shifting to networking. Resources paucity, the nature of the target clientele, management capacity, and the dilemma of legitimacy were the main challenges to TAMICO. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to look at the problem of employment security as multiphase and thus requires a broad focus on employees, employment conditions, and trade union dimensions. Among others, the study recommends for capacity building for the workers and employers, implementation of workplace monitoring policy measures, and a collaborative partnership model in the promotion of employment security.Item Effects of workplace environment on workers performance and productivity in Tanzania: A case of selected micro and small enterprises (MSE’S) in dar es salaam(Mzumbe Unversity, 2017) Kitila, EdnaThis study was focused on effects of workplace environment on workers performance and productivity in Tanzania. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of workplace environment on workers performance and productivity in Tanzania and specific objectives of this study were to identify effects of physical workplace environment on Micro and Small Enterprises workers performance and productivity, to analyse the influence of workplace communication on Micro and Small Enterprises workers performance and productivity. Despite of existence of many Micro and Small Enterprises in Tanzania, the study adopted a case study design; selected manufacturing and services Micro and Small Enterprises in three municipals in Dar es Salaam, which are Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke. The study used non-probability sampling techniques to collect data that were analysed qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study findings revealed that the components of physical workplace environments such as furniture and work facilities/tools affect 71.7% of workers performance and productivity of MSE’s in Dar es Salaam. Office layout and space, quality air and ventilation and lightning also have greater contribution toward increasing MSE’s workers performance and productivity. It also revealed that effective organization communication contribute 57.6%and supervisor support increase workers performance and productivity in MSE’s by 54.1%.It is recommended that provision of financial incentives, training and government support towards enhancing Micro and Small Enterprises’ workplace environment would increase workers performance and productivity.Item Factors affecting continuity in attending antenatal care services among pregnant women in Chemba district(Mzumbe University, 2019) Hamisi, AzizaBackground: Maternal mortality has remained to be the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age. In developing countries like Tanzania, the occurrence of maternal deaths has been linked with low level of attendance and utilization of skilled maternal health services like Antenatal Care (ANC) services. This is because some deaths among pregnant mothers could have been prevented if women early utilize skilled maternal health services especially ANC services. Objective: This study aimed to determine the factors affecting continuity in attending antenatal care services among pregnant women. Methodology: The study adopted a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 384 conveniently selected respondents enrolled in 7 health facilities of Chemba. Questionnaire was used during data collection. SPSS version 17 was used for data analysis. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that description of ANC services from health care workers (HCW) (Harsh or irrelevant description of ANC by HCW to clients), awareness on the day to start ANC and awareness on the frequency in which a pregnant mother is supposed to attend ANC services are the client related hindrances for continuity of ANC attendance. Service providers related factors that hinder continuity of attendance to ANC include long waiting hours of ANC services, modality of counseling for HIV test and STI test, provision of ANC services by male health providers, provision of ANC services by younger health providers, and shortage of medicines and medical equipment. The socio-economic factors that hinder continuity of ANC attendance include low family monthly income, religion objections, lack of spouse’s escort to ANC, lack of spouse’s financial support, family responsibilities, existence of traditional birth attendants and long distance from ANC clinics. Conclusion: In respect to the findings of this study, planners and implementers should consider multiple factors such as client related factors, service providers’ related factors and socio-economic factors in order to enhance continuity of ANC attendance among pregnant mothers.Item Factors affecting women in acquiring leadership positions in workplaces: A human resource management perspective(2023) Mwita, Kelvin M; Mwakasangula, EUnder-representation of women in leadership positions in the corporate world has been a global concern. Scholars have explored many institutional barriers that women face in climbing the career ladder with limited studies assessing HR related factors. This study intended to assess HR related factors that affect women progressing to leadership positions in organizations, with specific reference to Tanzania. Guided by qualitative approach and human capital theory, the study involved semi-structured interviews to collect data from eight (8) respondents who were sampled by using a purposive sampling technique. The sample included female leaders and HR practitioners from seven (7) organizations in Tanzania. Thematic data analysis was employed. The study found that HR practices play a vital role in enhancing or limiting the number of female employees who reach leadership positions. The study recommends that organizations put in place fair and objective hiring systems that create fair grounds for both male and female employees. Training and development opportunities should be fairly distributed to both female and male employees with consideration that women play multiple leadership roles at home and at work as well. Organizations should consider employee promotion based on merit. Government, through its various agencies, should put in place measures that intend to control practices that discriminate against women, and hinder them from enjoying equal opportunities available at their workplaces.Item Factors to determine the adoption of online teaching in Tanzania’s universities during the COVID-19 pandemic(PLoS ONE, 2023) Mackfallen, G.Anasel; Swai, L. IddaFace to face mode of delivery has been a standard method of teaching courses in the majority of African Universities Tanzania included. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the closure of all schools and universities worldwide; therefore, face-to-face teaching is no longer the only appropriate and feasible teaching method. This requires changes in the teaching method with the remarkable rise of e-learning, whereby teaching must be undertaken remotely and on digital platforms.Item Leaders’ Preparedness for Managing Technological Changes in Teaching and Learning in the Selected Tanzanian Public Universities(Science education Press, 2022) Landa , Elizabeth, Zhu , Chang, Sesabo, Jennifer & Mwakasangula, ElizaTechnological changes have seemingly become inexorable rather than the exception for academic institutions. It has been argued that an organisation's ability to adapt to a changing environment depends on its preparedness for change. This article delineates the extent of preparedness for managing technological changes in teaching and learning among mid-level academic leaders (MLALs) in higher education. The survey was administered to MLALs (n=76), undergoing changes relating to the use of innovative teaching and learning technologies (ITLTs). The rating method and Yeh Index of Perception (YIP) score were used to determine the extent of preparedness for technological changes among MLALs, and it was found to be on average. The results from the ANOVA test shows there was a significant difference in the mean scores for the dimensions of preparedness for changes (p<0.05). The results conclude that preparedness for changes is determined by multi-dimension indicators as suggested by diverse managerial competences and status of readiness for changes held by MLALs. The results suggest that MLALs have a relatively low competence level for motivating the adoption and implementation of technological changes in teaching and learning. Besides, the leaders had a low belief that proposed technological changes for innovative teaching and learning were beneficial to them. These results can be used further to design the training and strategies for managing technological changes in education. Therefore, the study proposes sensitisation prior to any implementation of technological changes in education. Keywords: innovative teaching-learning technologies, preparedness for change, readiness for change, managerial competence, mid-level academic leadersItem Relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction in Tanzania public sector(2021) Mwakasangula, Eliza; Mwita, Kelvin MTanzania public sector has been undergoing various reforms to improve public service delivery and employee satisfaction. The government has been trying to improve employee welfare and create conducive work environment for the public servants. Despite the efforts, job satisfaction levels of staff in the Tanzania public sector are generally low and unsatisfactory. The study examined the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction in Tanzania public sector. The study intended to achieve two specific objectives. The first objective was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership style and employee job satisfaction. The second objective was to examine the relationship between transactional leadership style and employee job satisfaction. The study used Morogoro Municipal Council as a case study from which data were collected by using a close ended questionnaire from 92 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The study found that job satisfaction was average among the respondents with mean value of 3.04. Comparatively, transactional leadership mean value was higher (Mean=4.14) than that of transformational leadership (mean=3.28). Regression analysis showed that both transactional leadership style (β=0.585, p=0.000) and transformational leadership (β=0.032, p=0.001) were found to be significant predictors of job satisfaction. The results showed that transformational leadership style had a stronger relationship with job satisfaction than transformational leadership styleItem Social-economic risks sustained by sexual workers who involve in commercial sex activities within Kinondoni Municipality: A Case of Kinondoni Municipality(Mzumbe Unversity, 2017) Shoo, LilianSexual works are activities that are illegal according to the law of the land in Tanzania. However, it has a grown route recently due to social, economic and technological dynamics taking place in the communities. The broad objective of the study was to observe the social-economic risks sustained by sexual workers who involve themselves in commercial sex activities within Kinondoni Municipality. Specifically study based on the four specific objectives such as to identify the social and economic factors influencing the participation of people in sexual workers within Kinondoni Municipality, to determine the level of impact of the social –economic risks sustained by sexual workers in Commercial sex activities on their socialeconomic welfare, to assess the challenges faced in eliminating sexual workers within Kinondoni Municipality and to identify the appropriate policy strategies to address the challenges faced in the elimination of sexual workers within Kinondoni Municipality. The findings of the study shows that 32 respondents (32%; n=100) in the study area described unemployment as the main socio-economic causes of commercial sex in the communities. Unemployment as one of the respondents who were interviewed defined it as the reality of an individual to lack job opportunities despite the fact that he or she has attained basic credibility to the job entitled. The research that was well designed to raise voices of the sexual economic group was conducted using observation, questionnaires, interview and other methodological techniques that required a high level of trust and respect of private life to come out with the recommendations that will add value to beneficiaries identified. Finally, this report has recommended that sexual workers in the study area desired to quit sex or commercial sex activities but they had no other alternatives to earn living. Others felt that they were not equipped in terms of having appropriate skills or trainingsItem Street-level bureaucrats and service delivery in selected LGAs in Tanzania: Copying with restraints of health and education services(Journal of Policy and Leadership (JPL), 2022) Kamugisha, Denis; Mwakasangula, ElizaThis paper examines the manner street-level bureaucrats (agents) interact with the principal (government, citizens, etc.) in the regular course of their jobs to deliver services particularly health and education as informed by agent theory. Although service delivery involves numerous actors, the role of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) cannot be underrated. SLBs are government employees, teachers and health staff in this context, who are thought to exhibit significant independence in job decision-making, unveil potential extensive impact on clients’ lives and exercise both de jure and de facto discretion. It is believed that in the due course of rendering services, SLBs experience some difficulties like operating under scarce resources, a situation that forces SLBs to exercise their discretionary clout in dealing with service delivery restraints as a response to tenets of SLBs theory. Although the existence of aforesaid situations is not highly contested, there is not enough theoretical evidence that explains service delivery dynamics in selected LGAs and the manner SLBs exercise de jure and de facto discretion to cope with the status quo. To bridge this fissure, the qualitative approach, spatial quasi-design, semi-structured interviews, documentary reviews and observation were accorded to gather some insights from selected areas regarding service delivery dynamics and the manner SLBs pursue their agenda mainly focusing on the delivery of aforesaid services. Study findings revealed that service delivery in selected LGAs is at a snail’s pace due to several restraints and that in the due course of their operations, SLBs devise some mechanisms to cope with service delivery restraints regardless of whether SLBs interface leads to either positive or negative outcomes.Item The challenges facing bottom up planning process in Korogwe town council in Tanzania(Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 2018) Mwakasangula, Eliza; Tefurukwa, W. OscarThis paper focuses on the main challenges facing participation in the bottom up planning processes at Korogwe Town Council (KTC). The study used 329 respondents and employed interviews, informal discussion, observation, and documentary reviews to gather data. Mainly narration and content analyses were used to scrutinize all data. The findings show that there were: inadequate community participation in planning at KTC due to lack of motivation and training, shortage of staff, lack of funds, inflexibility, irresponsibility, and lack of council mechanism for participation. Consequently, there was low level of community members participating in bottom up planning process. In order to encourage more people to be part of planning process, among other things, there is need to improve (or introduce) motivation to and training of community members, leaders and officers for effective bottom up participation participate.Item The contribution of microfinance institutions in poverty alleviation in Tanzania: A case of association of social advancement in Kinondoni Municipality(Mzumbe University, 2017) Muyongo, Mwanamvua BakariThis dissertation aimed at assessing the contribution of Microfinance Institution(MFIs) to poverty alleviation, with the specific focus on the Association of Social advancement (ASA) in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Several studies by different scholars exist on the contribution of MFIs to poverty alleviation, however, rudimentary information exists on the contribution of MFIs to poverty alleviation through women income generating activities thus a gap this dissertation intended to fill. Specifically, this work (1) analysed the criteria used by ASA in establishing the credits and loans facilities women to poverty alleviation, (2) established whether loans and credits provided by ASA have impacts to poverty alleviation and (3) examined challenges facing women on the loans and credits acquisition from the institution. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were deployed where questionnaires, interview and documentary reviews were assisted the process of data collection. The results were analysed from 50 respondents who participated in the questionnaires and 15 respondents were interviewed regarding the impacts and challenges of the provision of service to the household’s. Generally, study findings revealed that, MFIs have beenthe viable and workable strategy to poverty alleviation. It has brought about positive impacts to the poor households since most of the peoples’ lives and living standards were improved. The findings revealed that microfinance institutions have been confirmed a bit worthy. Nevertheless microfinance institutionremainsas a limited indusrty in the world despite its demostrated efforts and impacts to poverty alleviation, economic growth and making profits. This dissertation concluded that; the MFIs contributed to poverty alleviation in the study area. Besides, the given evidence shows anexistence of thesubstantial barrier to entry into beneficaries due to the kept basis criteria on the loans and credits acquisition. A need to restructure some of it’s policies regarding the criteria being used to acquire the services. By doing this the MFIs would enable the diversification of incomeof the poor which has association to growth and improvement of wellItem The effect of employee performance management at workplace: A case of the CAG’s office and Tumbi designated regional referral hospital(Mzumbe University, 2017) Kiwelu, Grace Z.This study focused on “The Effect of Employee Performance Management at Workplace: Case of the CAG’s Office and Tumbi Designated Regional Referral Hospital.” The main objective was to investigate the effect of employee performance management at workplaces in the areas under this study. The study had the following specific objectives: To examine the level to which employees and supervisors are satisfied with employee performance implementation; to assess the extent to which performance measurement, review and rating processes influence on employee performance; and to assess the extent to which employee training and development influence employee performance. The study employed case study research design which was used through both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The study was guided by the theoretical framework which based on the premise that measures such as promotion or demotion, training and development as well as recognition need to be informed by performance management practices like performance planning, measurement, review, rating as well as reward practices. The targeted research population of this study was eighty (80) respondents whereby both random and non-random sampling techniques were used. Sources of Data were both primary and secondary sources. Data was collected through methods such as questionnaires, interview, Focus Group Discussion and documentary review. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for data analysis. The study used tables, figures and percentages in presenting research findings. Results from this study revealed that, in every institution, there are formal systems of performance management and evaluation with varying degrees of implementation from one institution to another; employees without managerial positions were dissatisfied with objectivity of performance management processes and their influence on employee performance. The study recommended that employee performance management at workplaces could have influence on employee performance if there could be participatory performance planning and every stage of evaluation being communicated to employees; mechanisms being bias free and enforcement of rewards and sanctions being clearly identified