School of Public Administration and Management (SOPAM)
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Item Planning and assigning tasks for the first time: A step by step approach for beginning managers.(Research, Information and Publications Department, 2002) A.G.B. SimimePLANNING AND ASSIGNING TASKS FOR THE FIRST TIME A STEP BY STEP APPROACH FOR BEGINNING MANAGERS The bottom line of performance management is better results, hence, management by results. What it means really is that the performance of the manager is measured by the degree of success towards expected outputs or results. Successful performance reaches stated goals, objectives and targets and demonstrates visible and measurable contributions to an organization There are no magical rules for performance management. There are, however, process steps that managers ought to know that are likely to inspire effective commitment of the people to their jobs. If these process steps are followed management by results will be ensured. This small volume describes the eight step-by-step approach to assigning tasks as part of implementing performance management. The book outlines what managers who assign tasks to subordinates ought to do at each of the eight process steps in order to establish understanding, win their agreement and inspire their commitment to work for better results. At the end the book provides cases of success stories in planning and assigning task.Item Selected topics in human resource management(Reseach and Publications Department, 2004) Sabina P.M. GellejahThis book gives an overview of Human Resource Management as field and subject of study, explaining the job of a manager and dynamics of work teams. The book further concentrates on the major functions of Human Resource Management; namely Human Resource Recruitment, Human Resource Analysis and Planning, Appraising and Improving Performance of Human Resource, Human Resource Training and Development. Topics on Management Development, Describing and Evaluating Jobs, Administration of wages and Salaries, as well as collective Bargaining and arbitrating have been included to enrich the subject matter covered by the book. The book is written in a user friendly language. It can be used as a quick reference guide to the subject for both undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as practicing managers and other professionals involved and interested in the management of human resource. The choice of topics covered was guided by the author's experience of two decades in teaching the subject management practitioners, undergraduate students, as well as postgraduate students in Tanzania, Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland.Item Provider fidelity in tuberculosis screening practices among adolescents and adults living with HIV in public health facilities in Tanzania(Frontiers Public Health, 2025-11-19) Shilugu,Lucas L.; Mushi, Lawrencia D.; Anasel, Mackfallen G.Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in high-burden countries like Tanzania. Despite national and global guidelines recommending routine TB screening at every clinical encounter, missed and delayed TB case notifications persist, suggesting gaps in screening practices. This study evaluated the implementation fidelity of the TB screening algorithm and associated factors within routine HIV care in public health facilities in Geita, Tanzania. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted, involving the extraction of data from 423 client treatment records and observation of 423 screening sessions. Simple random and systematic sampling methods were employed to select the records and sessions, respectively. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using Excel and Stata. Modified Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) to determine factors associated with two binary outcomes: (1) consistent TB screening over 12-month period, and (2) correct utilization of the screening tool. TB screening was documented in 82.8% of clinical encounters. Overall, 70.7% of clients were screened at every encounter, and 75.4% screened at their most recent visit. Laboratory investigations were recorded in 94% of presumptive cases, with all confirmed TB cases initiated on treatment. Additionally, 80.6% of eligible clients were initiated on TB preventive therapy (TPT). The WHO Four-Symptom Screening (W4SS) was widely used (98.8%), and the tool was correctly administered in 62% of the sessions observed. Factors associated with inconsistent screening included age 40–49 years [Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) = 0.82; p = 0.046], age ≥50 years (aPR = 0.76; p = 0.025), suppressed viral load (aPR = 0.63; p < 0.001), monthly drug refill model (aPR = 0.55; p = 0.006), refill by treatment supporter (aPR = 0.09; p < 0.001), being traced back from a lost to follow up (aPR = 1.38; p = 0.019), and absence of prior TB (aPR = 0.81; p = 0.001). The correct use of the W4SS tool was less likely at PMTCT clinics (aPR = 0.55; p < 0.001). Although TB screening is widely integrated into HIV care, fidelity to the screening algorithm remains suboptimal in the initial stages of symptom screening. The completion of the algorithm cascade was well-implemented. Fidelity at earlier stages of the algorithm, such as the consistent and correct use of the W4SS, should be enhanced by strengthening provider capacity and routine monitoring to improve adherence to the protocol.Item Leadership effectiveness of the executive directors of local government authorities in Tanzania(Groningen University, 2023) Igulu, George RomanusIn the Tanzanian administrative system, the local government authorities (LGAs) are seen as an important layer of government that is responsible for the provision of social services such as education and health services. In the LGA the executive director is the highest civil servant who is seen as an important figure. This dissertation answers the question ‘what managerial roles and leadership behaviour the executive directors display in LGAs and to what extent and in what ways such roles and leadership behaviour explain the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of the LGAs?’ The study concludes that the administrative behaviour of the executive directors is primarily bureaucratic in applying general instructions from the central government with little room for manoeuvring. The main activity is informational, meaning that the director provides instructions to the subordinates and provides reports to the central government. The dominant leadership behavior is transactional and Ubuntu, meaning that the societal position of the director is very important. The study suggests enhancing the role of the LGA council to improve the role of the executive director. This dissertation is part of the project Capacity Building for the enhancement of Decentralisation by Devolution in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania: a collaboration between Mzumbe University (Tanzania), the University of Groningen and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (Netherlands) and funded by NUFFIC.Item Empowerment and Effectiveness of School Committees in Tanzania(University of Bergen, 2010) Masue, Orest SebastianEmpowerment of local communities and establishment of appropriate local level institutional frameworks have recently become important tenets for education management in the developing countries. Tanzania is also sailing on the same boat with other countries in that endeavour, where educational decision making powers have been conferred to the local levels. As of now, school committees have been empowered to take over the oversight and development roles in their respective schools. The study has been an attempt to assess the effectiveness of the primary school committees in Tanzania; focussing on two LGAs namely, the Morogoro Municipal Council (MMC) and Mvomero District Council (MVDC).Two primary schools (one from each LGA) were studied in detail to ascertain any significant differences between the urban and rural school committees with regard to capabilities and effectiveness in role accomplishment. The study approach was mainly qualitative, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observation and documentary analysis. The study involved 32 purposefully selected informants, comprising of Education Officers from the two LGAs, Village and „Mtaa‟ Executive Officers, Head teachers, School Committee members, parents and pupils. Generally, it was found that majority (78%) of the two school committees members were primary school leavers or below, a phenomenon attributed to lack of interest of „the educated‟ to become members of school committees. While there was trivial difference between the rural and urban school in terms of committee members‟ understanding of their responsibilities, the committee members from the two committees were adequately informed about their roles. In addition, there was high consistency between the level of education and role accomplishment capabilities. That is, members with fairly high educational qualifications indicated that they were competent enough to accomplish their roles; while those who had low educational qualifications declared that they were not competent enough to accomplish most of the skill-demanding roles like planning and budgeting. Inadequacy of financial resources was pervasive in either case, constraining successful implementation of school development plans. On these grounds, therefore, my conclusion is that not outstanding but impressive achievements have so far been accrued regarding the empowerment and effectiveness of the school committees. However, attainment of the real school committee empowerment and effectiveness calls for enduring and comprehensive capacity building efforts by multiple agents (the Government, NGOs, CSOs, Media, CBOs etc.) to develop knowledge, skills and financial resource bases at the local levels; and also create awareness to the people on the importance of their participation in educational decision making processes.Item Transformative effects of local government authorities in promoting public involvement in decision making process in Tanzania: The case of Mvomero district council(Mzumbe University, 2013) Ngao, Shose L.This study was carried out to assess the transformative effects of LGAs in promoting public involvement in decision making process in Mvomero district, given that little research was carried out on transformative effects of LGAs in promoting public involvement in decision making process. The study specifically found out on public involvement in LGAs, determined the level of transparency and accountability, assessed the perception of public on LGAs, and found the specific challenges which hindered effective public involvement in decision making process. The study used a case study research design with a sample of 100 respondents selected through convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews and FGDs. They were analysed by using SPSS and Microsoft Word for text processing. Findings revealed there was a policy or regulation which advocated public involvement but few employees and public servants were not aware of the policy. The public was involved in LGA meeting and activities more than three times. The way of involving the public was not constant. The public was involved satisfactorily in different activities other than financial. It was because the public was not satisfied with the manner financial transactions were being handled without their involvement. In other words there was less trust among public members. The district faced challenges like inadequacy of financial means, poor communication, and poor management. The study recommended that new employees be made aware of the policy / Transparency in financial transactions, that public servants be held, communication be improved, corruption be fought and that further studies be conducted.Item Stakeholders’ perception on cash transfer program as a strategy for poverty reduction in Tanzania: A case Rorya district(Mzumbe University, 2017) Benasius, Anuciata G.The Government of Tanzania introduced PSSN that provides Cash Transfer (CT) to poor and vulnerable groups so as to improve their living standards while generating sustainable improvement on human capital, health, and food consumption. Evidence from literature has demonstrated that people have different views on CT, therefore the researcher intended to explore stakeholders‟ perception on CT in Rorya district. The specific objectives were: - To explore the perceptions of CT beneficiaries, implementers and non-beneficiaries on the CT programme, to examine the contribution of CT on improving living standard of the community and to examine the effectiveness of procedures used in selecting household beneficiaries of CT. The study applied a case study design and simple random, convenient as well as purposive sampling in drawing a sample of 130 respondents. Moreover, interview, FGD and observation method were used to obtain information from the respondents. The study revealed that perception varies according to the categories of respondents; positive perception were highly found in beneficiaries and implementers side while negative perception was most found on non-beneficiaries side. The study further revealed that CT has brought direct impact on food consumption, HIV treatment, and gender empowerment and taking children under age to clinics. Indirect impact was seen in human capital development. Furthermore, the study revealed that the process of selecting household beneficiaries was hampered by poor community participation in Village assembly and other problems such as biasness and incompetence of CMC. Finally it is concluded that, although the programme failed to address all the problems that poor people are facing but the unconditional cash transfer has brought significant impact on food consumption while the conditionality promoted human capital development. Then after it is recommended that the Government should conduct inflation analysis to make sure the supply of CT meets food price and there should be food and drug transfer to elder beneficiaries. The selection process should involve the broader community so as to reduce selection errors.Item Strategies to reduce teachers’ turnover in public schools: A case of secondary schools in Morogoro municipality(Mzumbe University, 2015) Kimaro, Joseph W.The major objective of this study was to examine the approaches established and employed by the government in dealing with teachers‟ turnover in public secondary schools in Tanzania. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the current situation of teacher‟s turnover in the study area; to examine how the council has dealt with teacher turnover rate; to assess achievements reached by the council in reducing teachers‟ turnover; and to examine challenges faced by the council in reducing teacher turnover. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires of open and closed questions, to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. Interviews of key informants were undertaken under the guidance of checklist questions. The major part of the results were analysed qualitatively. Some results were presented using texts, tables and figures to illustrate findings. The study found that the strategies to reduced teachers‟ turnover include improving allowances, construction of teachers‟ houses; creating environment for teachers to get loans from financial institutions, and seminars and workshops for training. The success of the strategies was very little as the implementation of the strategies was of the low standard. The challenges that the council faces in reducing teachers‟ turnover include financial constraints, corruption among leaders, shortage of teachers, and undisciplined students. From the results it was concluded that the rate of teachers‟ turnover in Morogoro municipality was still high; several strategies were established at the school level and council level in order to motivated teachers but they were not workable; council faced various challenges in its efforts to reduce teachers‟ turnover. These challenges include financial problems, corruption among leaders, shortage of teachers and undisciplined students. The study recommends that government should give teacher the transport facilities like motorcycles and cars in terms of loans so that to facilitate teachers‟ transport to their working stations. Also the teachers should be involved in priority setting and planning so that to include the teachers‟ needs.Item A study on local government autonomy in recruitment and selection functions in Ilala Municipal Council(Mzumbe University, 2013) Herman, ValerianLocal Government Reform Programme of Tanzania centered on the basic assumption of decentralization of political, administrative and financial powers and functions in the structure of a unitary state. Administratively local authorities expected to have mandate and free to carry out responsibilities concerning provision of public services and social development along its area of influence authorized under legal framework (LGRP, 1998). This study investigate on the degree at which Ilala Municipal is independent in recruitment and selection functions as directed in administrative decentralization as well as to other legal provisions. The study carries six chapters sequentially, from chapter one the introductory part of the study; there are, background of the problem, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, research assumptions, significances, limitations, delimitations of the study, conceptual framework, and definition of the key terms and concept. Chapter two is on literature review, also there is theoretical/philosophical review, operationalization of concepts, literature review from earlier studies and the synthesis. Chapter three talks about research methodology which provides information about, research design, research area, population of the study, sampling procedures and sample size, data collection methods and data analysis methods. Chapter four is about presentation and analysis of the findings. Chapter five is about discussion of research findings and chapter six is about conclusion and recommendation. Finally, the Bibliography and appendices.Item Teacher turnover in public secondary schools: A case of Wete district, Pemba(Mzumbe University, 2016) Fadhil, Juma O.The study is about teachers‟ turnover in Public Secondary Schools with reference to Wete District, Pemba between October 2015 and February 2016. The study aimed to assess the existence of Teacher Turnover in the area of concern, to know its causes and effects as well as suggesting several remedial methods of combating teacher turnover in public secondary school. The case study design was used where 49 respondents were involved. 29 were selected via simple random sampling and 20 were obtained using purposive sampling according to their positions. The study used both primary and secondary data which were collected using different means of data collection; while the data collected were analyzed using various statistical means. Findings revealed that, Teacher Turnover has a great impact to all educational stakeholders even though it is not considered as a problem by the employer. The common causes of teacher turnover mentioned are; overburdening of duties, poor working environment, status of teacher in community, level of salary paid, employment security, students‟ behaviour and so on. While others are impacted by falling down of educational performance, un-manageable shortage of teacher, losing of students learning Morale, to enforce poor parents on paying over freelance teachers and alike. Apparently, this can be managed by the restructuring pay system, employing appropriate number of teachers per school, enabling conducive teaching and learning environment and ensuring equity and equality among public servant as well as close participation among educational stakeholders. The study has recommended that, there is a need of making teaching an enjoyable field like other in the public sectors, hence retaining teachers may influence educational improvement in the world of science and technology in Zanzibar.