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The contribution of pay for performance project on improving child immunisation rates: A case of Mkuranga health facilities
(Mzumbe University, 2015) Lyimo, Frank Jasper
Pay for performance is the project implemented in Tanzania with the aim to motivate health care workers to improve performance toward attainment of Millennium Development Goal number 4 and 5.The objective of evaluation study was to evaluate the contribution of Pay for Performance on improving child immunizations rate at Mkuranga health facilities. Cross-section evaluation study was conducted where 30 closed-ended questionnaires were provided to all 30 in charges of health facilities involved in the study, 8 in depth interviews were conducted purposively to key informants of the selected facilities. Baseline data of year 2010 before the project were compared with ones (2011-2014) after the project to see whether p4p motivate health workers in providing measles and polio zero vaccine. Proportion of bonus payment, number of training and supportive supervision were calculated and presented in figures and tables, thematic content analysis with the aid of Atlas ti software was used to assist analysis of recorded information. The results indicated that immunization rate in all health facilities involved were doubled from year 2011 to years 2014. Immunization rate shows that facilities with 3 number of supportive supervision had high rate of child immunization, other facilities with less training and bonus payment had almost similar trend with those with more training and bonus payments. The study revealed delays of bonus payment and worries about sustainability of the project. It was concluded that P4P play a big role in motivating health care workers in increasing rate of child immunized with polio zero and measles vaccine in Mkuranga health facilities. The increase might be associated with other factors rather than motivation trough bonus payment, training and supportive supervision alone. Other studies should be conducted to identify the real cause of this increase.
Determinants of credit access to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania : A case of Mbeya City
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Sarikiael, Borish
Small and medium enterprises (smes) are the main players in the economy of Tanzania and other developing countries. Smes contribute prominently to the economy through creating more employment opportunities, generating higher production volumes, increasing exports and introducing innovation and entrepreneurship skills. The dynamic role of smes in developing countries is like an engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved. This study used a sample of 105 smes located in various areas of Mbeya city, it is from these smes data were obtained by using questionnaires, interview guides and documentary reviews. By using these methods of data collections, primary and secondary data were obtained to assess determinants of credit access and credit size by smes in Tanzania. Analysis of data was conducted by running ordered logistic model to assess which factors determine credit access and credit size by smes. The study found that credit access and credit size by smes are significantly determined by factors like collateral, sales size, business experience, level of education, and form of business ownership. Cross sectional data methodology was used, in this study, future studies can employ panel data designs that can allow to control for unobservable heterogeneity of individual smes. Moreover further research is needed to examine with non-parametric statistical techniques, such as with neural networks, the relationships of all the variables that this study examined, as well as to run causality tests, in order to investigate which variable or smes characteristic causes the other. For instance, does gender influence ownership of assets whereby ownership in turn influence access to credit?
Determinants of profitability of domestic and foreign commercial banks in Tanzania: A case of commercial banks listed in DSE
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mrema, Issaya I.
This study examines the determinants of commercial bank’s profitability in Tanzania. These determinants have been categorized into internal factors which are bank specific characteristics and external factors which can further be divided into macroeconomic factors and financial structure factors. The main objective of the study is to determine the factors that influence commercial banks profitability in Tanzania and to make recommendations for management decision making and policy objectives. A panel data of commercial banks in Tanzania was analyzed taking into consideration of 4 Banks listed in DSE. Two key measures of profitability (dependent variables) were taken into consideration, but the purpose of making a regression analysis and analyze the relationship between the parameters, the researcher analyzed only ROA in his study. Bank-specific factors, which were incorporated, were capital adequacy, deposits, liquidity, asset quality, loans and advances. In addition, macroeconomic factors and financial structure factors including inflation, GDP, money supply and banking industry concentration. The results for the ROA model indicate that loans and advances to total deposits, customer deposits to total assets (liquidity) are positively significant to bank profitability while shareholders equity to total assets are negatively significant to bank profitability. Moreover, inflation and GDP were positively significant to bank profitability. Also, highly capitalized banks were seen to be more profitable compare to less capitalized one. The study recommended on reduction of expenses, Government policies on employment and investments should be intensified to increase the profitability, Efficient and effective liquidity management should be adopted and there should be a set of direction guideline to manage properly banks specific determinants. The study made a researcher to learn that financial performance performed by banks plays a significant role in assuring and maintaining stability of the countries’ economic systems.
Determinants of profitability of commercial banks using camel framework: A case of Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Tiisekwa, Fadhila
The study primarily aims at determinants of profitability of commercial banks in Tanzania applying CAMEL frame work. This study compares the financial performance of three major banks CRDB, NBC and NMB. The three banks are also ranked based on a CAMEL rating system. The study is undertaken in attempt to fill in the existing research gap, also to confirm the role played by internal factors to determine profitability and last but not least to provide information that can be used as a basis for comparison with different studies. This study involves the analysis of commercial banks operating in Tanzania for a period of 7 years, from 2006 to 2012. Financial ratios in the context of CAMEL framework, which include; Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Quality, Earnings and Liquidity were applied. The research uses the data published by the sample banks in their annual reports and financial statements. Descriptive statistics were applied in analyzing the data, followed by deriving of CAMEL ratios and rating them and then correlation analysis was performed and finally regression was applied. The dissertation is organized into five chapters. Chapter one, problem setting; Chapter two deals with literature review which includes theoretical review, empirical review and conceptual framework. Chapter three is the research methodology; Chapter four is concerned with data analysis, findings and discussion and Chapter five gives the conclusion and recommendations. The CAMEL model predicts 51.74% of ROA; this calls for a more robust way of determining profitability to include external factors. NMB which is 50% foreign owned and 30% government owned proved to out rank the other two major banks CRDB and NBC. The study reveals that the profitability of commercial banks as measured by ROA is significantly determined by quality of assets. In order to improve profitability; credit information should be improved, and banks can opt to diversify their products so that they do not heavily rely on loans.
Contribution of corporate social responsibility on financial performance: A case of NMB PLC at Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2014) Ayo, Happy Kyungai
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a rapidly developing, key business issue. It is a concept that has attracted worldwide attention. Due to the demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship, CSR started to embrace social, ethical as well as environmental challenges. Today, companies are aware of the social and environmental impacts of international production. It is accepted that Companies should not be only profitable, but also good corporate citizens. This research work was carried out at NMB PLC with the aim of assessing the impact of corporate social responsibility on organization financial performance a case of NMB PLC at Morogoro Municipality. The methods used in data collection were observation, interview and questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using Ms Excel and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).data presentation was based on tables and figures shows frequencies and percentages. From the findings, result of analysis implies that there is no direct relationship between CSR and financial performance, respondents commented that most area which got CSR contribute nothing to the bank performance but just receive CSR as aid and to make community enjoy. On the side of contribution of CSR on NMB PLC performance the analysis reveal that activities of CSR affect return of the Bank by reducing amount of profit instead of reinvest the profit and increase value of asset, on the challenge facing company on engaging in CSR the result implies that shareholders are not willing to offer CSR as wealth not maximized but minimized. Conclusion of the study shows that respondent comment on agent theory that shareholders are not willing to engage in CSR program as wealth are not maximized but minimized also larger number of respondents comment that CSR improve more reputations and company image and not financial performance of the company.