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Community participation in solid waste management in urban settlements: Acase of Mbeya city council, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Said, Yahaya H.
The main objective of this dissertation was to assess the community participation in solid waste in Mbeya City Council. Specifically the study were to assess the current state of the solid waste generation and management, to examine the role that the community plays in solid waste management, to examine the role City Council plays in solid waste management and to examine the influence of the City Council and community participation on waste management in the study area. Data was collected by using systematic, purposive and convenience sampling methods from a sample size of 101 individuals. Data analysis of qualitative data was done by using the grounded theory approach; and for quantitative data, the multiple regression analysis was employed. The findings of this study revealed that the nature of solid waste generated by the Mbeya city council residents was mainly organic and inorganic waste material. The community participates in managing solid waste through individual household efforts, not collective efforts. Also there was a limited effort from the City Council in establishing solid waste consolidation points in the streets; on the other hand, the city Council was doing well at enforcing the bylaws that fosters good waste management in the streets. Also the last discovery of this study was that both, the City Council and the community efforts were critical to the performance of good solid waste management in the city. The researcher concludes that, the efforts of both, the city council and the community are critical to the reduction of waste produced in the cities. The study recommends that these two stakeholders need to play their roles in preserving the environment. The study also recommends that, the awareness campaign and education to the community should be given a priority which will eventually make them understand the benefit of Solid waste management. Consequently, City Authorities should invite other stakeholders including Community Based Organizations’ (CBO’s) and other private sectors to collective responsibility in managing solid waste.
Research findings and health policy formulation in Zanzibar
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Abeid, Kassim A.
This study examined the use of research finding in health policy formulation in Zanzibar. The aim of this study was to see how the policy makers in the Ministry of Health use research findings as an input during the policy formulation. The general objective was to examine the use of research findings in formulation of health policy in Zanzibar. Specific objectives were: to determine how research findings have been used in the development of health policy in Zanzibar, to examine the linkage between policy makers and researchers, to identify the challenges that limited the use of research findings in formulation of health policy in Zanzibar and solutions thereof. Along this, the study adopted the qualitative approach using a case study design. 50 respondents were purposively selected as a sample size drawn from different area including Ministry of Health, Research Institutions and NGOs as sampling frame. In this study, primary and secondary data were collected through interviews and document reviews as the methods of gathering information and analysed by using content analysis technique. The findings of this study indicated that use of research findings is a fundamental input in the formulation of health policy. However, the policy makers rely on using inadequate evidence in formulating policy; this has been caused by poor coordination between policy makers and researchers which resulted to poor implementation of the policy. Such state of affairs is against evidence based policy. This substantiates the overriding views among policy makers that the connection between research and policy formulation remains to be one of the most commonly identified challenges of policy and ensures the formulation of evidence based policy that can solve problem in the country.
Assessment of the National Health Policy of 2003: Challenges of the reduction of maternal mortality rate in Musoma municipality, Tanzania.
(Mzumbe University, 2015) Juma, Mariamu N.
High rate of maternal deaths is one of the major public health concerns in Tanzania. Maternal mortality rate in Tanzania had been on a downward trend from 453 to 200 per 100,000 live births. However from 1990s there has been an increasing trend to 578 per 100,000 live births (TDHS, 2010). Current statistics indicate that maternal mortality ratio dropped slightly in 2010 to 454 per 100,000 live births (TDHS, 2010). Despite a number of efforts made to reduce it, maternal mortality is still high. The objective of this study was to assess the challenges of reducing maternal mortality rate in Musoma Municipality, Tanzania in line with the National Health Policy of 2003. The theoretical perspectives on gender equity, attribution and demographic transition guided the study. Key policy documents, technical reports, publications and available internet information on maternal mortality in Tanzania from 1961 to 2012 were reviewed. The study employed a cross sectional research design. Random and purposeful sampling design techniques were used to obtain the sample of 65 respondents. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires and documentary review. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 11.The study found out that health facilities in Musoma municipality, do face a lot of challenges such as old unrepaired equipment’s, low number of professional health workers, lack of medicine and drugs, high patient influx compared to low number of health workers, low quality health service and poor working environment. Additionally, it was also revealed that there were several factors which made women not to access health facilities such as costs (direct or indirect), health workers attitude, transport facility, lack of support from men, lack of awareness concerning reproductive health issues and distance to health facility and lack of health services at night. Also, even though maternal health services are free, yet there are costs associated with maternal health, things like blankets, polyethylene bags, gloves and pads that are direct cost to pregnant mothers. Therefore the study concluded that poverty that prevails in the community seems to be the main obstacle for women to access quality reproductive health services. Also the implementation of National Health Policy of 2003 is still low due to the fact that people still pay money to access maternal health.
Assessment of Health Management Information System (HMIS) perfomance in health facilities in Mbarali, Kyela, and Busokelo District Councils
(Mzumbe University, 2015) Jactany Sanga Luhuvilo
The purpose of this study was to assess the Health Management Information System (HMIS) Performance in health facilities in Mbarali, Kyela and Busokelo District Councils. The study adopted a mixed method design which enabled the study to triangulate the data and information. In this study, four methods of data collection were used, namely questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review. The sample size was 49 respondents. PRISM DEAT was used in data analysis. The data analysis included the use of simple description of percentages, tables and graphs this was done using excel spreadsheet. The level of the HMIS performance was measured in terms of data quality and information use. The data accuracy at the facility level was observed using OPD Attendance, ANC and PMTCT MAT and observed to be higher than 95%. The use of information accounted to 65% of the health facilities stored meeting records and 100% of the reports requested were available at the facility and the district level, while 95.5% had a discussion at facility level on the HMIS, of these 83.3% made a decision after discussion, while 95.83% of health facilities referred their issue to higher levels for further assistance. The evaluation report recommend to improve HMIS skills specifically on data interpretation, use of information and problem solving, and the use of the performance improvement tools such as cause and effect analysis, flow chart, priority matrix, control chart, this may be achieved by developing a simplified HMIS training curriculum, conduct training of staff per facility and all health area management team members. The evaluation also recommends the promotion of a culture of information use, motivating health care providers and providing training on moral and ethical issues to improve information use for decision making.
Street level bureaucracy and public service delivery in Tanzania: The case of the delivery of health services in Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Shabiru, Chagulani
The main objective of this study was to examine the coping strategies which are used by street bureaucrats in delivery of health services in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Specifically, the objective of the study was to determine the level of understanding the roles of street level bureaucrats among the SLBs in delivery of health services, to identify challenges which they encounter and the coping strategies they apply in dealing with those challenges. In gathering of information for this study, different interviews were conducted. In-depth interviews involved; Municipal health secretary, medical in charges of health centers, medical doctors and clinical officers. Focus group interviews involved nurses. All these interviews were carried out to four health centers in four wards of Morogoro Municipality. The study revealed that the roles of SLBs are highly known by SLBs and the study revealed different roles of SLBs. Moreover, the roles differ in terms of cadre and departments. Regarding to the challenges which are encountered by SLBs, the study found that there are different challenges which face them in fulfilling their duties and these challenges were identified as; shortage of buildings, high workloads, insufficient drugs and medical equipment, high number of clients, shortage of staff ,unconducive working environment and less public awareness to health- related issues. Lastly, the study revealed that there are different coping strategies which are employed by SLBs in dealing with those challenges. These strategies are: sharing of office, redistribution of staff, improvising of resources, double shift and working in extra hours. These strategies were developed as an attempt to provide services in challenging environment.