Dissertation (Masters)

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Agricultural financing initiatives in developing countries: Can microfinance fill the gap? The case of Iringa Rural district, Tanzania.
(Mzumbe University, 2017) Munuo, Catherine
Developing country, are suffering from financial shortage in almost all economic sectors particularly in agriculture sector. The initiatives done by the government and different donor agency to finance the farmers have not been able to cover the costs associated with agricultural activities to farmers. As the result farmers continue using tradition farming and depend on informal financial institutions to cover up their financial costs (Wenner, 2010).The informal institutions charge very high interests and often do not meet the needs of the farmers. For this case, microfinance is considered as noble substitute for informal credit and therefore regarded as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation among the farmers who are economically active but financially constrained (Murdoch & Haley, 2002). This study presents an empirical investigation on this considerable effect of microfinance toward agriculture financial predicament. The general question that guided the study was “Can microfinance fill agriculture financial gap in developing countries" with a particular focus to Iringa rural district in Tanzania. Cross- sectional, primary data from a sample of 188 farmers was analyzed using the binary logistic regression techniques, to see if microfinance can fill agriculture financial gap or not. The study shows that; 17% of the farmers depend on informal institution and those who depend on microfinance are only 9%. The supply of microfinance credit to the farmers is very limited and it’s only 27% of the respondent, who were able to receive the same amount they applied for. Furthermore its only 41% of the whole farmers who managed to finance their agriculture cost. The odds ratio in favour of scale of the farm increases the possibility of covering financial gap as the scale of the farm decreases. Government subsidies have negative impact on possibility of microfinance to fill the financial gap where as microfinance awareness has positive influence on the possibility of microfinance to fill the gap. This study therefore contributes to the understanding of the current situation regarding agriculture finance and fills the unknown knowledge of microfinance contribution toward agriculture financing gap.
Agricultural financing initiatives in developing countries: Can microfinance fill The gap? The case of Iringa Rural district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Munuo, Catherine
Developing country, are suffering from financial shortage in almost all economic sectors particularly in agriculture sector. The initiatives done by the government and different donor agency to finance the farmers have not been able to cover the costs associated with agricultural activities to farmers. As the result farmers continue using tradition farming and depend on informal financial institutions to cover up their financial costs (Wenner, 2010).The informal institutions charge very high interests and often do not meet the needs of the farmers. For this case, microfinance is considered as noble substitute for informal credit and therefore regarded as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation among the farmers who are economically active but financially constrained (Murdoch & Haley, 2002). This study presents an empirical investigation on this considerable effect of microfinance toward agriculture financial predicament. The general question that guided the study was “Can microfinance fill agriculture financial gap in developing countries" with a particular focus to Iringa rural district in Tanzania. Cross- sectional, primary data from a sample of 188 farmers was analyzed using the binary logistic regression techniques, to see if microfinance can fill agriculture financial gap or not. The study shows that; 17% of the farmers depend on informal institution and those who depend on microfinance are only 9%. The supply of microfinance credit to the farmers is very limited and it’s only 27% of the respondent, who were able to receive the same amount they applied for. Furthermore its only 41% of the whole farmers who managed to finance their agriculture cost. The odds ratio in favour of scale of the farm increases the possibility of covering financial gap as the scale of the farm decreases. Government subsidies have negative impact on possibility of microfinance to fill the financial gap where as microfinance awareness has positive influence on the possibility of microfinance to fill the gap. This study therefore contributes to the understanding of the current situation regarding agriculture finance and fills the unknown knowledge of microfinance contribution toward agriculture financing gap.
Analysis of health insurance adoption and its effects on health care utilization in Tanzania: A case of Njombe district.
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Ngeniuko, Grace
Health is one of the important pillars of socioeconomic that promotes the welfare of the individual and the nation. To address the problem of access to health care services in order to improve health status, Tanzania has implemented various policies for the past two decades. These efforts include the introduction of health insurance whereby over 30% of Tanzanian has been enrolled with health insurance. Furthermore, Tanzania has made significant progress with regards to investment in health sector by promoting major health policies aiming at enhancing sustainability of health status of its populace. Despite of various efforts to improve health sector, the sector is still faced with various challenges including low utilization of health care services. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of health insurance on health care utilization in Njombe district. Specifically the study examined the extend of peoples adoption of health insurance, social-economic factors influencing adoption of health insurance and the effect of health insurance on healthcare utilization. To archive the objectives the study employed data from primary source drawn from 138 samples of respondents including 79 adopters and 59 non adopters of health insurance respectively. The probit model was used to examine the effect of social-economic factors influencing adoption of health insurance and ordered probit model on the effect of health insurance on healthcare utilization. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the extent of adoption of health insurance in Njombe district. The findings from the study shows that, 57.2% of respondents adopted health insurance and 42.8% were adopters, where age, sex, income level, household size, household dependency, premium affordability and education level were statistically factor explaining the adoption of health insurance. Furthermore marital status, education level, household income, distances and health insurance is statistical significant influencing health care utilization. Lastly the study recommends for the awareness creation, remove boundaries of health insurance usage, and increase supply of medicines, and capacity building for health insurance management in order to increase coverage of health insurance so as to improve healthcare utilization in Njombe district.
Analysis of the determinants of dinger productivity in Tanzania: A case of Madaba district council
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Peredius, Paul
The study investigated the determinants of ginger productivity in Tanzania; a case of Madaba District Council. A cross sectional research design was used; the sample size of 202 respondents was obtained through purposive and non-purpose sampling techniques. STATA version 14 and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used to analyze the data. The data indicated that ginger determinants involved in the model, it tell the variation obtained in ginger output or produce with the determinants of coefficient of R- squared which revealed that 60 per cent of the variables was explained by the model by itself. In nut shell, it can be concluded that large farm size, farmer`s experience, the education level from primary to diploma of the respondents, age and the use of extension services have significant effects on ginger productivity. The study also indicated that ginger farming was found to be profitable with the gross margin of 87% or 0.87 per acre/per annum. Finally, the study found that the determinants affecting ginger farming in the study area include; inadequate of capital, low price ranging from Tshs. 500 to Tshs. 1500 per one kilogram, unavailability of laborers, poor infrastructure, and ginger middlemen exploitation. Hence it is vital to raise public awareness on the potential for sector. It is recommended that the government should discourage the middlemen who buy ginger direct from the farmers by low price and starting the selling point which increase value addition, to enhance the use of extension services to ensure that ginger farmers in Madaba District have access to ginger improved seed and improved farm inputs, storage and marketing facilities, ginger farmers need to be assisted by providing the soft loans so that to enable them to enhance the area under ginger cultivation which will led to high yield
Analysis of the determinants of ginger productivity in Tanzania: A case of Madaba district council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2019) Paul, Peredius
The study investigated the determinants of ginger productivity in Tanzania; a case of Madaba District Council. A cross sectional research design was used; the sample size of 202 respondents was obtained through purposive and non-purposive sampling techniques. STATA version 14 and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used to analyze the data. The data indicated that ginger determinants involved in the model, it tell the variation obtained in ginger output or produce with the determinants of coefficient of Squared which revealed that 60 per cent of the variables was explained by the model by itself. In nut shell, it can be concluded that large farm size, farmer`s experience, the education level from primary to diploma of the respondents, age and the use of extension services have significant effects on ginger productivity. The study also indicated that ginger farming was found to be profitable with the gross margin of 87% or 0.87 per acre/per annum. Finally, the study found that the determinants affecting ginger farming in the study area include; inadequate of capital, low price ranging from Tshs. 500 to Tshs. 1500 per one kilogram, unavailability of laborers, poor infrastructure, and ginger middlemen exploitation. Hence it is vital to raise public awareness on the potential for sector. It is recommended that the government should discourage the middlemen who buy ginger direct from the farmers by low price and starting the selling point which increase value addition, to enhance the use of extension services to ensure that ginger farmers in Madaba District have access to ginger improved seed and improved farm inputs, storage and marketing facilities, ginger farmers need to be assisted by providing the soft loans so that to enable them to enhance the area under ginger cultivation which will led to high yield.
Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: A Case of Urambo District
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Daimon, Benedicto
This study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.
Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: The case of Urambo district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Benedicto, Daimon
This study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.
Analysis of the impact of women development fund on household’s welfare. The case of Kiteto district, Manyara region, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2016) Kavenuke, Edgar P.
The study analysed the impact of women development fund (WDF) on welfare of household‟s in Kiteto district. The study specifically focused on analysing the contribution of Women Development fund loan on household‟s welfare, to evaluate the contribution of education on household‟s welfare, and to investigate the contribution of employment on household‟s welfare. Self administered questionnaire were employed in data collection from 105 respondents who were obtained by simple random sampling technique. Seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) model was used to determine the magnitude of change of income, ownership of assets, and nutritional status as response variables. Excel computer software was used for data entries and STATA for analysis. The results were: WDF contributed on household‟s welfare by 99% because it was significant on income, ownership of assets, and nutrition. Assets that were owned by women were televisions, cellular phones, bicycles, motorcycles, while few women owned houses. Education contributed household‟s welfare by 66.7% whereby 33.33% in income, and 11.11%, and 22.22% on ownership of assets, and nutrition respectively. Self employment contributed ownership of assets by 33.33%. The findings were; the WDF loan size is good strategy for reduction of income poverty in the country. There is low understanding of women on policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets. However borrowers sustained an increased income by ensuring that the economies of scale from their firms were optimally attained by increasing production as average cost falls up to the point where optimally output was produced. Investing in secondary education is good strategy for increasing income and improving nutritional status, while increasing self employment is a good strategy for ownership of assets on women. The study recommends the government to provide adequate loan size and to impart knowledge to women about policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets.
Analysis of the relationship between household income levels and health status in Zanzibar: A case of urban district
(Mzumbe University, 2016) Bhai, Hafidh H.
The study analyses relationship between household’s income levels and health status in Zanzibar. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between household’s income and morbidity, mortality and life expectancy respectively. The study used morbidity, mortality and life expectancy as health proxies rather than using health index as it would narrow the scope of investigation. Income and other socioeconomic determinants like age, gender, marital status, education, health care accessibility, number of meals and BMI were used as predictors of health status. To achieve the objective of the study, relevant cross-sectional primary data were collected from 96 respondents in urban district. The data collected were analyzed and relevant descriptive statistics were reported. Seemingly Unrelated Regression was employed as the method of estimation. Post regression tests such normality tests, correlation matrix, endogeneity test and Breusch-Pagan test were performed to avoid spurious regression. The findings show that, household’s income was found to have positive correlations with health status since it was estimated to increase by 41% from one unit increase of income of the rich compared to the income of the poor households as was expected holding other variables constant. Based from the findings, the study concludes that, variations of socioeconomic status in relation to lifestyles are the main predictors of health status. Since the rich suffer due to their unhealthy behaviours and the poor due to their poverty. Therefore, the government has to minimize income inequality by increasing income distributions and asset ownership to enable the poor to manage medical services and nutritious food for a healthy life. In addition should also emphasize the importance of changing lifestyles via national wise sports like SHIMIWI, UMISSETA, UMITASHUMTA and BAMATA targeting to minimize tobacco and alcoholic intake, insisting on physical activity, proper diet and natural food intake for healthy and productive society and not only targeting the rich but also the poor households.
Antenatal healthcare utilization in maternal health facilities in Lushoto district, Tanga
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Setonga, Jumanne
In most developing countries maternal mortality remains large public trouble. One number of strategies to improve maternal health in both public and personal health facilities is the implementation and appropriate use of proper ANC services in which at least 4 visits is suggested. ANC utilization is influenced by various factors which differ in various regions and countries. The study aim was to establish the determinants of ANC services utilization in maternal health facilities in Lushoto district, Tanga. The study design was a case study which was conducted among recently delivered mothers seeking ANC in public and private maternal health facilities in Lushoto district. Antenatal mothers included were those who were aged 15-49 years. A sample of 396 antenatal mothers for the study was obtained. Purposive sampling technique was used in the study whereby submissive respondents who met the criteria of being selected were enrolled cumulatively until the required sample size was obtained. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain data from study participants and the structured interview was used for mothers who were unable to fill the questionnaires. After data collection, data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics which involved frequency distribution tables and percentage and employed logit and ordered probit regression analysis in analyzing utilization of ANC and factors upon frequency of visits of mother in health facility respectively. The results of the study showed that utilization of ANC services is influenced by marital status of expectant mother, expectant mother‟s education level, facility type, frequency of visit and waiting time for care whilst transport costs, income, use of public facility and insured mother influences frequency of visits of recent delivered mothers public and private health facilities in Lushoto district. The study recommends on the promotion and provision of education based on the ANC services package and be aware about the number of visits recommended by WHO which provides the need to educate pregnant mothers especially of younger ages on the need to utilize maternal health services including ANC so as to achieve WHO minimum requirement of number of visits on ANC and reducing maternal mortality under SDG 3 and 5.
Assessment of factors that affect financial sustainability of rural village community bank (VICOBA): A case of Nyamagana district
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Ephraim, Charles
The study was geared to assess the financial sustainability of rural village community banks in Nyamagana District. Specifically, the study intended in finding out the factors that affect the financial sustainability of rural village community bank and to find the relationship between these factors and the financial sustainability of VICOBA. In order to answer the mentioned objectives of the study, a researcher used cross-sectional study design as the data were collected at a single point in time. The study used 100 respondents who are members of VICOBA. Not less, the data were used were the primary data that were collected from the field. Moreover, the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used, whereas in inferential statistics a binary logistic regression model that used the maximum likelihood methods was employed in estimating the variables. In case of descriptive statistics, the findings revealed that the compelling factors that affect the financial sustainability of VICOBA in the study area included leadership and accountability, entrepreneurship skills of the members, education level of the members, member’s income generating activities, amount of shares contributed by the members, amount of loan provided to members and security of the group fund. However other factors that were mentioned by the respondents included inadequate capital, income poverty, cost of borrowing, and poor commitment of the members. On the other hand, in the inferential statistics, the results showed that leadership and accountability, entrepreneurship skills of the members, education level, income generating activities, and security of group fund were found to be statistically significance in its coefficients as they are having positive sign. But, amount of shares by members and loan provided to members are found to be statistically insignificance in its coefficients as they are having negative sign. In addition, the study further found that leadership skills and accountability, entrepreneurship skills income generating activities, and amount of loan provided to members are statistically significance when judged by its probability. On the other hand, education level of the respondents, amount of shares by members and security of loan fund were found to be statistically insignificance when judged in its probability. The results also found that leadership and accountability, entrepreneurship skills of members, income generating activities and loan provided to members are statistically significance when tested using its standard errors. However, education level of members, amount of shares by members and security of group fund were found to be statistically insignificance when arbitrated by standard error.In this, the study conclude that village community bank are considered to be crucial for the members within the group as it provides loans to members that help them to invest in income generating activities, entrepreneurship skills, encourage savings through amount of shares contributed by members and training particularly in business development. Therefore, the study recommend that entrepreneurship skills to members should be provided frequently in order to equip the members with adequate skills of entrepreneurship to enable them in identifying the projects that generate income that could be used in repaying back the loan and contribute members share
Assessment of TASAF III conditional cash transfers project in coping with livelihood shocks a case of Ngudu Ward in Kwimba District
(Mzumbe University, 2017) Domonko, Valentina S
Vulnerability has been a common stress to different parts of the world; this made a call for addressing vulnerability to livelihood shocks in Tanzania. The study intended to determine the contribution of TASAF III Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) in coping with livelihood shocks among the beneficiaries in Ngudu ward. Specifically the study intended to identify livelihood shocks affecting the beneficiaries and their coping strategies, differences in coping with livelihood shocks before and after TASAF III CCT project and the relationship between CCTs income support and coping with livelihood shocks. The case study design was used to investigate livelihood shocks and coping experiences among the beneficiaries by using the before and after method. A sampling frame was used, from which the sample size of 70 beneficiaries were randomly selected. Questionnaire and interviews were scheduled among the project beneficiaries during data collection. Generally, the findings show that, respondents reported to be affected by multiple shocks in 2016, out of 70 (100%) respondents, 57 (81.03%) experienced floods, 56 (75%) lost harvest, 37 (57%) had chronic illness and 9 (13%) experienced damaged homes. To cope with shocks, several strategies were used, 6 (9%) reduced food consumption, 18 (25%) borrowed food and money from relatives and neighbors, 17 (24%) got help from relatives, 10 (14%) used TASAF Cash Transfers, 8 (11%) sold assets while 11(17%) did not choose an active strategy. In coping with shocks, in the year 2014 and in 2016 the findings show statistically significant differences in the average number of meals, in number of health visits, in financial assets acquired and in the enrollment of children to school at the P-value < 0.005.Findings also show that increase in health visits, increase in number of meals (food sufficiency) and increase in financial assets acquired were statistically significant associated with increase in the income of the households tested at the P-value < 0.005. Moreover increase in the enrollment of children to school was not significantly associated with increase in the income of the households at the P-value > 0.005. The findings suggest that the project has contributed to enhance coping with shocks and recommends that the CCTs should continue to be implemented in order to improve the incomes of the poor households who are vulnerable to shocks so that they positively cope with shocks.
Assessment of village savings and loans associations on household income at Southern Unguja
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Shauri, Khamis A.
This study was interested on income poverty analysis to the community of southern Unguja in which majority of the household members were engaged on Village Savings and Credits Associations groups (VSLA). The primary objective of the study was an assessment of Village Savings and Loans Associations on Household Income at Southern Unguja. Total sample of 217 head of household who are joined with VSLA were selected. The study has provided two conceptual frame, namely total household income and determinants of VSLA’ income. All technical techniques of sample size and determination were carried out. Two hypotheses were formulated; the result of the first hypothesis shown that income from VSLA, livestock, business and casual labour was economically significance at 1 and 5 per cent level. The result of the second hypothesis was very interesting in which the demographic variables had no impact to the VSLA income, the variable size of member who joined with the group and amount of household saving had shown to have impact at 1 per cent significance level. The Gini index shown the society of southern unguja has relative equality.
Behavioral analysis of tax compliance among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zanzibar: A case of Chake - Chake district
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2019) Yussuf, Hamad Mfaki
Tax is an important source of government‘s revenue for the implementation of development projects, it also provide principal lens in evaluating a nations capability, power and political settlements within a particular society. However, SMEs tax payers do not fully comply with tax obligation in Zanzibar. Therefore, this study is conducted for the purpose of making analysis of those factors that influence tax compliance behavior among SMEs. The Purposive non probability sampling technique and simple random sampling technique were used to select a total of 54 SMEs in Chake Chake district. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and binary probit regression. The study findings indicates that most of SMEs taxpayers‘ are aware about tax payment but their morale to comply with tax obligation is much influenced by factors such as tax knowledge, tax compliance costs and tax system. Partial understanding of tax laws increased chances of likelihood of SMEs behavior to comply with tax obligation probability of 0.84. As the costs of book keeping and accounting are high decreased the chance of tax compliance behavior by 0.85 while medium costs decreased the chance of tax compliance behavior by 0.8 and low cost reduce the likelihood of tax compliance behavior by 0.7. Travelling costs from business site to the ZRB office of TZS 10,000 or below decreased chance of SMEs to comply with tax obligation by probability of 0.8. Tax payers who perceive low complexity in tax laws increases their chance of likelihood of tax compliance behavior by 0.6 while those who perceive that tax laws are complex to low extent decreased their chance of tax compliance behavior by probability of 0.5. Age of SMEs owner, age of business, size of business and location of business did also influence tax compliance behavior. The researcher concluded that friendly treatment of SMEs tax payers is necessary to enhance and ensure effective tax compliance. Based on findings of this study it is recommended to improve capacity development on training to SMEs tax payers, desire for simpler tax laws so as to encourage voluntary tax compliance among SMEs and the need of having zonal tax stations in order to facilitate tax payment obligation.
Constraints to growth of small and medium enterprises in Zanzibar: The case of urban west region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Hassan, Zena M.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are very important to the Zanzibar economic growth and hence, the need to ensure that SMEs grow sustainably cannot be over emphasized. At present, however, SMEs growth rate is still limited due to a number of factors that act as the barriers to its growth. This study empirically examined the constraints to SMEs Growth. A survey of 70 small firms was carried out to firms in services, food processing, and agriculture and tourism sectors in Urban West Region of Unguja. The Principal Component Analysis was used to determine dominant constraints, of which five constraints were identified. These include lack of entrepreneur skill, unfavorable government regulations, lack of access to finance, lack of access to power supply, and unreliable of water supply. The constraints were analyzed further to determine the extent to which the identified constraints actually hinder SMEs growth. In this, a logistic regression model was estimated. The result of the analysis shows that unfavourable government regulations and unreliable utility supply (power) significantly hinder SME growth in Zanzibar. Therefore, this study argues that weaknesses and lack of government policy and inadequate provision of power supply do not meet requirements of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) growth. The non government organization supported by central government should provide education concerns with business skills at the same time entrepreneurs should be ready to attend seminars on how to run their business, institutions finance should regulate and reduce constrain on SMEs so as smoothing take a loan . To overcome these obstacles, various measures are suggested include appropriate policies that create conducive environment toward SMEs growth. The study concludes with a discussion of policy implications and areas for further research.
Contribution of advertising on sales improvement: The case of Zanzibar bottlers limited
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Suleiman, Yahaya S.
This study assessed the contribution of advertising on sales improvement with case study of Zanzibar Bottlers Limited. By using descriptive case study a representative sample of 70 respondents was obtained from the population of 435. The methods of data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by using questionnaire, interview guide, documentary sources, and observation. Whereas documentary review was used in secondary method. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, MS excel and simple calculations by calculator were used to analyze the data where simple frequencies and percentages were created. The findings revealed that advertising contribute much on sales improvement where by 88 percent of the respondents said informative advertising affect sales of ZBL, 80 percent said remaindering advertising affect sales improvement and 64 percent have replied that persuasive advertising affect sales improvement. The researcher therefore calls for the administration of ZBL to pay attention on advertising strategies for the sake of embracing market share, goodwill, profitability as well as sales of the company
Contribution of own sources revenue collections to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal councils
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masogo, Masore Mwerya
This study was based on the contibution of ownsources revenue collection to the implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal Councils (Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni). Councils revenue collection and expenditure time series secondary data from 2003 to 2012 collected quarterly were used, whereby Ordinary Least square method was used to estimate the model. Overall results by using F-test shows p(0.0000) and it is statistically significant by 1%, this implies ownsources revenue collections have an impact on implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. Despite of that significancy, still there was some variable which did not satisfy all conditions of significance. Variable like funds collected from sales of municipal properties did not show linear relationship to implementation of development projects, but all the remaining variables were statistically significant and linearly related to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. These result will help decision makers to make appropriate policies and decision on how to emphasize and concentrate more on ownsources revenue collection. This also will help many Local Government Authorities to identify more sources of income which can rise their revenue and set a clear demarcation of some amount of funds to be spent for implementation of development projects, rather than spent on everyday expenses (Recurrent expenditures).
Contribution of own sources revenue collections to implementation of development projects in Dar Es Salaam Municipal councils: 2003(I) – 2012(Iv)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masogo, Masore M.
This study was based on the contibution of ownsources revenue collection to the implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal Councils (Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni). Councils revenue collection and expenditure time series secondary data from 2003 to 2012 collected quarterly were used, where by Ordinary Least square method was used to estimate the model. Overall results by using F-test shows p(0.0000) and it is statistically significant by 1%, this implies ownsources revenue collections have an impact on implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. Despite of that significancy, still there was some variable which did not satisfy all conditions of significance. Variable like funds collected from sales of municipal properties did not show linear relationship to implementation of development projects, but all the remaining variables were statisticaly significant and linearly related to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. These result will help decision makers to make appropriate policies and decision on how to emphasize and concetrate more on ownsources revenue collection. This also will help many Local Government Authorities to identify more sources of income which can rise their revenue and set a clear demarcation of some amount of funds to be spent for implementation of development projects, rather than spent on everyday expences (Recurrent expenditures).
Contribution of smallholder maize production towards household food security in Babati district
(Mzumbe University, 2016) Ngurumwa, James P.
The main objective of the study was to analyse the contribution of smallholder maize production towards household food security in Babati District. Specific objectives were to examine household maize production per year in Babati; to examine household caloric acquisition from maize consumption; and to investigate the challenges facing maize producers. Primary data was collected from 80 households through observation, interview and focus group discussion using structured questionnaire and checklist. The study found that the average maize yield was 509.72 kg/acre. Farmers incurred an average production cost of 118,642.29 Tshs per acre that was dominated (42%) by ploughing. Also, farmers accrued an average of 254,860.69 Tshs per acre with an average Return on Investment of 44.1%. Almost all (i.e 96.25%) of the households in the study area had three meals per day and about 79.2% (1770.1 kcal/adult equivalent/day) of caloric intake per adult equivalent per day was acquired from maize. Basing on Dietary Energy Consumed per adult equivalent per day, 53.75% and 46.25% of households were food secure and insecure respectively; however, basing on Household Dietary Diversity Score, 73% and 7% of households were food insecure and secure respectively. Three quarters (70%) of households had at least one individual involved in non-farm activities. Majority (33.75%) accrued an average income of between 100,001 and 200,000 TSHS per month. Moreover, majority (32.5%) of households responded that low income among maize producing households was the major constraint in maize production; other challenges were unreliable rainfall, high cost of hybrid maize seeds, inadequate ploughing tools, wild animals and theft of crops. Hence, households should expand their farming systems to include the cultivation of vegetables, legumes and tubers. Also, they should diversify farm income to other off-farm activities such as business or any small enterprise so as to be able to improve their dietary intake as well as ensuring financial liquidity at the household that can help them to manage farm activities.
Contribution of tourism on household’s income in Tanzania: The case of Mto wa Mbu in Arusha region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Igiha, Emmanuel
There are arguments on extensive roles of tourism as regards to improvement of the welfare and living condition of surrounding communities vested on the relationships between tourism and the household’s income. In order to provide critical analysis on the matter, the study focuses on assessing the impact of tourism on household’sincome to communities living adjacent to protected areas by examining the contribution of tourism income to the total household’s income. In so doing, the study examines the effects of tourism on employment and business opportunities in the community and income of the local people at Mto wa Mbu. The study also assesses the contribution of tourism on social services provisions in the community by investigating the supply and employment opportunities and factors that enhance such opportunities. The main focus is on the access of communities on tourism employment, capacity to sell to tourist hotels and lodges and business innovative patterns. The researcher has used both cross-section and longitudinal research designs using the survey and documentary reviews data technique. The survey technique was carried through the established questionnaires and interview guides which were applied to 95 respondents whore were randomly selected through the stratified sampling technique. The community of Mto wa Mbu depends on tourism on their day to day economic activities such as selling their farm produces and artisanal products as well as on employment in lodges, hotels and camps. The findings show that tourism has a significant contribution on household’s income at Mto wa Mbu through provision of farm supplies and employment opportunities which are provided in the industry. The researcher recommends that, the government and other practitioners should increase their efforts on enhancing the community to increase their productivity capacity especially through education in order to increase community awareness and hence productivity.

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