Economics (FSS)

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    Assessment of the factors that affect the performance of small and medium enterprises (SME’S) : A case study of hair cutting and beauty salons in Dar-es salaam region
    (Mzumbe University., 2013) Kifaru, George J.
    The aim of this research was to assess the Factors affecting the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s). The research is a cross-section research design employing the use of questionnaires. The research was conducted in Dar es Salaam regional in Tanzania, covering 110 small and micro-enterprises. The hypothesis was level of education of business owners and management experiences have a positive relationship with a enterprise’s performance except one variable, power shortage, that has a negative relationship. The results obtained show the existence of a positive correlation between variables. Although theoretically, power shortage has negative correlation with enterprise’s performance in this study the scenario is caused by the following factors that most of the salons now days are using other source of energy like solar and generators. So when the national grid goes off, the ventures shift to other sources and the one which don’t have other source of energy are closed up and customers go to those which have energy. Not only that, but also many saloons which are near the industrial areas and factories receive many customers during this time because people who are working in those industries and factories are out of their working area when national grid goes off so they get ample time for other activities near their working area. It shows that at that time they go out for hair cutting and dressing in salons which have other source of electricity. From the discussions with the owners and workers of the salons the researcher found that not only the mentioned and discussed factors affect the performance of small and medium enterprises, there are other factors which can be categorized as internal and external factors which other researchers can study in this areas
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    Analysis of social -economic factors affecting cashew nut production in Ruangwa District, Tanzania
    (Mzumbe University, 2013) Mallya,Paschal B.N
    The study was concerned with the analysis of socio-economic factors affecting cashew nut production with special reference to Ruangwa District Council. Data collection was through structured questionnaire administered to 200 respondents selected through random sampling technique. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the socio-economic factors that affect production of cashew nuts in Ruangwa District. The study objective was realized through the utilization of the multiple linear regression models since model consisted seven variables, F-test and Z-test were used to test the overall significance of the variables. The main objective in using this technique was to predict the variability of the dependent variable based on its covariance with all the independent variables. The methods of analysis used were descriptive statistics and production function analysis using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) criterion to estimate the parameters of the production function. Econometric techniques were used to estimate the determinants of cashew production. Linear regression analysis using SPSS (16) and STATA (9) software programs were employed for the modeling of cashew nut production as determined by postulated determinants and to assess the relative importance of various variables. Results showed that majority of the farmers were Female engaged in cashew nut production. Cashew nut farming was the main activity as a minimum farm size was 4.125 acres. Results further revealed that farm size (acreage) physical capital, fertilizer, Price, extension services, primary education were positively related to cashew output while labour and secondary education were inversely related. Based on findings, the study recommend that the government should emphasize on following in order to increase the production of cashew nut including: increase of land size for the purpose of increasing marginal productivity, use of fertilizers, provision of credits to farmers and improvement of infrastructures including roads, communication infrastructures and energy
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    Analysis of the impact of women development fund on household’s welfare. The case of Kiteto district, Manyara region, Tanzania
    (Mzumbe University, 2016) Kavenuke, Edgar P.
    The study analysed the impact of women development fund (WDF) on welfare of household’s in Kiteto district. The study specifically focused on analysing the contribution of Women Development fund loan on household’s welfare, to evaluate the contribution of education on household’s welfare, and to investigate the contribution of employment on household’s welfare. Self-administered questionnaire were employed in data collection from 105 respondents who were obtained by simple random sampling technique. Seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) model was used to determine the magnitude of change of income, ownership of assets, and nutritional status as response variables. Excel computer software was used for data entries and STATA for analysis. The results were: WDF contributed on household’s welfare by 99% because it was significant on income, ownership of assets, and nutrition. Assets that were owned by women were televisions, cellular phones, bicycles, motorcycles, while few women owned houses. Education contributed households welfare by 66.7% whereby 33.33% in income, and 11.11%, and 22.22% on ownership of assets, and nutrition respectively. Self- employment contributed ownership of assets by 33.33%. The findings were; the WDF loan size is good strategy for reduction of income poverty in the country. There is low understanding of women on policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets. However borrowers sustained an increased income by ensuring that the economies of scale from their firms were optimally attained by increasing production as average cost falls up to the point where optimally output was produced. Investing in secondary education is good strategy for increasing income and improving nutritional status, while increasing self-employment is a good strategy for ownership of assets on women. The study recommends the government to provide adequate loan size and to impart knowledge to women about policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets.
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    The effects of code switching in english language teaching in public primary schools among the Maasai in Tanzania. A case study of Simanjiro District Council
    (Mzumbe University, 2018) Sokoyet, Mzee
    This study aims to investigate the outcome or effects of Code Switching among the learners in some selected schools in Simanjiro District. The specific objectives are; (i) To assess teachers and students‟ awareness of the concept of code-switching. (ii)To find out the language skills in which code-switching is mostly applicable in teaching and learning English Language. (iii)To explore how code-switching is applied in teaching and learning English.(iv)To examine whether the use of code switching improves performance of English subject among the Maasai pupils in Tanzania. The study design was largely qualitative using a sample of 63 respondents comprising 4 officials, 4 WECs, 7 head teachers, 16 teachers and 32 pupils. The information was gathered using questionnaire, observation, and interview. The questionnaires were applied to district officials; WEC‟s head teachers and teachers while interviews done to pupils and too few teachers and an Observation technique was applied to teachers. Data analysed in the study were mainly qualitative with very few quantitative aspects involving numerals and percentages. The findings revealed that respondents were well aware of what CS means. It further proved that speaking and listening skills are the most valuable during the use of CS since both involve sense organs and incorporate learners in the English class. In all-purpose CS is proposed to improve performance when English is integrated with Kiswahili instead of English and Maasai language in schools with native pupils only. Kiswahili is greatly preferred regardless of the locale or setting where English is taught, since it is the national language restricted with policy and regulations, and it is spoken widely by pupils in different areas apart from school environments. The native (Maasai) language was slightly used during the use of CS since many teachers do not know it and it is not as easy as Kiswahili in fostering comprehension. From the findings, the study concludes that CS is a useful tool in teaching and learning process. Kiswahili encouraged to be used to code switch in formal settings of teaching English contrary to native language as well it highlights recommendations on recruiting teachers with the respective specialties. Native teachers and others with native knowledge should be posted to schools with native pupils. Also to set up language clubs in schools and programmes that enhance English practice to pupils e.g. “Red Card” Recurrent training, workshops and seminars and the like are recommended to be carried out. Frequent inspection to remote schools and allocation of native teachers to schools with native pupils are eagerly advised to conform.
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    Harnessing performance through digital technology adoption: An empirical analysis of SMEs in the Tanzanian fruit juice processing industry
    (Taylor and Francis ( Cogent Business & Management), 2026) Utonga, Dickson; Tundui, Charles Stephen; Mkuna, Eliaza
    this study examines the effect of digital technology adoption (DtA) on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (sMes) in the tanzanian fruit juice processing industry. the study uses data from 390 sMes across Dar es salaam, Arusha and Mbeya regions. Utilising a quantitative approach, it employed Partial least squares structural equation Modelling to analyse the data. the results show that DtA significantly improves the performance. furthermore, entrepreneurial orientation, organisational readiness and external environment each exert a significant direct influence on the performance. however, the external environment negatively moderates the adoption–performance relationship, suggesting that highly supportive environments may lead sMes to adopt digital tools superficially. in contrast, more challenging environments motivate sMes to leverage digital tools strategically. entrepreneurial orientation slightly diminishes the benefits of adoption among resource-constrained sMes, whereas organisational readiness shows no significant moderation effect. this study extends the resource-Based View theory by demonstrating DtA’s potential to enhance sMes’ performance. empirically, it offers sector-specific evidence on the effect of DtA on sMes’ performance in tanzania. the study also provides practical insights for sMes, policymakers and development stakeholders, recommending that sMes incorporate digital tools into their core functions. Additionally, government and private-sector entities should invest in sMe-focused training programmes to build the skills needed for effective digital transformation. Business development actors, service providers and incubators should foster entrepreneurial mindsets through bootcamps, mentoring and accelerators. Policymakers should cultivate an enabling environment by investing in digital infrastructure and providing regulatory support for digital transformation.
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    Contribution of horticulture farming on smallholder farmers income and food security in Tanzania : A case of Arumeru district
    (Mzumbe University, 2020) Loishoo, Likinjiye
    Horticultural farming is a most and potential agricultural sub-sector which contributes to the income of smallholder farmers and also acess to food security. Tanzania is among of the countries in the world where horticulture farming growing and contributes to the income generation and access to food security to small farmers. This study intended to assess the contribution of horticulture farming to smallholder farmer’s income and food security in four selected wards atArumeru district in Tanzania. Purposely the study aimed at examine the role of horticulture farming to smallholder farmer’s income and food security, determinants of small farmer’s participation to horticulture farming and describe the challenges that hinders the performance of horticulture farming in Arumerudistrict.The study used cross sectional research design in data collection while purposive sampling was used in selection of wards and horticultural small farmerswith the sample size of 210. The primary data were collected by using interview and questionnaires and few data on secondary were obtained from horticulture stakeholders such as TAHA and HODECT. The analysis of data done by using multiple linear regression, probit and ordered probit model in relation to the specific objectives. The study found that; marital status, employed and self employed farmer, land size, farming experience, household size and access to credit are statistically significant influencing small farmer’s income from horticulture farming. For probit model; land size, employed and self-employed and land size were statistically significant to determine farmer’s participation and lastly ordered probit where marital status, self employed, land size and membership of a farmer to farming group were found to be statistically significant on influencing food security. Lastly the study recommended on agricultural policy reforms and strategies as measures to be implemented by the government and other horticultural farming stakeholders towards improvement and sustainability of horticulture farming to smallholder farmers in the country. These includes provision of agricultural subsidies ( fertilizers, seeds and pests), Market extension and access to credits.
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    Examining local government expenditures on entrepreneurship development in Tanzania: A case of Mbinga district.
    (Mzumbe University, 2020) Ntandu, Christopher Robert
    The government of Tanzania encourages the development of entrepreneurship differently; however, it seems it does not do well in the international context, therefore the study was aimed to examine local government expenditures on entrepreneurship development in v Tanzania: A case of Mbinga District. The study objective was to examine the role of local government expenditure in entrepreneurship development in Tanzania. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods to answer the research problem. The study involved 255 entrepreneurs and used a self-administered questionnaire to gather information from 10 wards out of 29 wards found in Mbinga District, a cross-sectional research design was used to obtain data. The data was managed through SPSS Version 20 and analyzed through STATA Version 14. The findings show that entrepreneur skills come from middle age (average age of 32) whereby the minimum age was 19 and the maximum was 59. Also, results show that the majority of entrepreneurs were from primary school, secondary school, college and technical school while only a few did not attend school and few attend university education. Moreover, the study concluded that social factors such as household’s size, education level, number of business and parent’s financial status were important social factors for entrepreneurship development, while forms of local government expenditure such as the business centres, roads services, licensing, taxation, entrepreneurship loan, and entrepreneurship training were also important forms for entrepreneurship development. The study recommended that the United Republic of Tanzania should ensure that prime working ages have the conducive environment of doing business by enabling them to access capital from various empowerment funds and other financial institutions, also the government should continue to provide education to the societies about family planning, which will reduce the household’s size, further to that there is need for local government to keep on improving schools’ infrastructure for motivating more people to join in the school, as well as to launch compulsory entrepreneurship syllabus for all level of education.
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    Contribution of horticulture farming on smallholder farmers’ income and food security in Tanzania: A case of Arumeru district
    (Mzumbe University, 2020) Loishoo, Likinjiye
    Horticultural farming is a most and potential agricultural sub-sector which contributes to the income of smallholder farmers and also access to food security. Tanzania is among of the countries in the world where horticulture farming growing and contributes to the income generation and access to food security to small farmers. This study intended to assess the contribution of horticulture farming to smallholder farmer’s income and food security in four selected wards at Arumeru district in Tanzania. Purposely the study aimed at examine the role of horticulture farming to smallholder farmer’s income and food security, determinants of small farmer’s participation to horticulture farming and describe the challenges that hinders the performance of horticulture farming in Arumeru district. The study used cross sectional research design in data collection while purposive sampling was used in selection of wards and horticultural small farmers with the sample size of 210. The primary data were collected by using interview and questionnaires and few data on secondary were obtained from horticulture stakeholders such as TAHA and HODECT. The analysis of data done by using multiple linear regression, probit and ordered probit model in relation to the specific objectives. The study found that; marital status, employed and self-employed farmer, land size, farming experience, household size and access to credit are statistically significant influencing small farmer’s income from horticulture farming. For probit model; land size, employed and self-employed and land size were statistically significant to determine farmer’s participation and lastly ordered probit where marital status, self-employed, land size and membership of a farmer to farming group were found to be statistically significant on influencing food security. Lastly the study recommended on agricultural policy reforms and strategies as measures to be implemented by the government and other horticultural farming stakeholders towards improvement and sustainability of horticulture farming to smallholder farmers in the country. These includes provision of agricultural subsidies (fertilizers, seeds and pests), Market extension and access to credits.
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    Contribution of women entrepreneurs to the performance of entrepreneurship: A case study of Arusha district council
    (Mzumbe University, 2013) Mshana,Josephine H.
    The aim of this research was to find out the contribution of women entrepreneurs to the performance of entrepreneurship was conducted in Arusha District council. The objectives of the study were to identify factors that contribute women engage in entrepreneurship, to identify the contribution of women entrepreneurs to the performance of entrepreneurship, and to identify benefit obtained by women entrepreneurs. Data was collected from 76 respondents. Questionnaire, in-depth interview and observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The study found that social background, unemployment self employment, and expand income are the major factors that contributing women to engaging in entrepreneurship activities. It was further noted that majority of women prefer to be self employed in order to get enough time to spend with their children. Furthermore expand income is another factor enhancing women to engaging in entrepreneurship activities. Factors which contribute to the performance of entrepreneurship include employment opportunities, poverty reduction, women population numbers, networking, source of start-up funds, women population number. More ever in the study researcher observed that benefit obtained by women entrepreneurs are economic, expand business, trust gained from financial institutions, other benefit women entrepreneur get was to prohibit bud behavior ,personal saving and women entrepreneurs they provide basic needs to their family.
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    Economic burden of malaria in Tanzania: An investigation of children under five years
    (UDSM, 2017) Chamwali, Lihoya Antony
    The importance of having good health for both parents and their children cannot be ignored, as it allows households to participate effectively in activities which earn them income. This study analyzes the economic burden of malaria in Tanzania for households with children under five years. Specifically it examines the effect of the presence of the under five malaria admissions on households’ incomes and wages, estimates the effect of the presence of under five malaria admissions on households’ agricultural output and finds out the determinants of under five malaria admissions. The study uses the Tanzania National Panel Survey (TNPS) data set which was conducted in three waves by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The first, second and third waves were conducted in years 2008/9, 2010/11 and 2012/13 respectively. The survey covered more than 3000 households in each wave. But for the purpose of this study, more than 600 households who had under five children and who were interviewed in all the three rounds formed the main sample size of the study. A fixed effect model is used to analyze the effect of the presence of the under five malaria admissions on households’ wages and incomes. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) is used to analyze the effect of the presence of the under five malaria admissions on households’ agricultural output and the panel logit regression model is used to find the determinants of the under five malaria admissions. The results reveal that the presence of the under five children admitted with malaria in a household burdens households as its income and wages are reduced by 12.06 percent and 6.6 percent respectively, while households’ agricultural output was reduced by 18.94 percent in 2008/9 and by 28.94 percent in 2012/13 holding climate related factors constant. The study has also revealed that a large size of the household , age of the household head and sources of drinking water (both well water, river water and piped water) put the under five children at risk of having malaria admissions. The policy implications of the findings are that the government needs to focus on the prevention of malaria through indoor and outdoor spraying in addition to the distribution of free mosquito nets. A malaria free society will allow households to increase hours of work in productive activities and this will increase their incomes. Households will also become food secure if malaria rates are reduced due to effective participation in agricultural activities. Besides, the government needs to ensure that leaking pipes are repaired timely so as to reduce the mosquitoes breeding places, especially ponds of leaked water around homes.