Dissertation (Masters)

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Determinants of interest rate spread in commercial banks: A case study of selected local and foreign banks in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Aikoh, Kenedy J.
The behaviour of interest rate spread in Tanzania for a very long period of time has been strong, high and persistently showing little signs of narrowing. When compared with other East African countries, the interest rate spread in Tanzania seems to be the highest. It is this persistent and low narrowing trend of the interest rate spread which gave rise to the need of studying the factors which cause high interest rate spread in commercial banks in Tanzania. The overall objective of this study was to identify the Determinant of interest rate spread in commercial banks in Tanzania and compare the interest rate spread between the selected banks. The determinants were ascertained from a review of previous literatures. Related parameters from the selected determinants were studied for the chosen banks for the period between 2006 and 2012, a period after adoption of market determined interest rate regime. The study based on the secondary data from 28 quarters of published quarterly reports of the selected commercial banks and Bank of Tanzania quarterly economic bulletin publications. Multiple regressions were applied to establish relationship between the dependent variable, interest rate spread and the chosen independent variables which were non-interest income, provision for loan losses, non-performing loans, non-interest expenses, gross domestic product rate, treasury bills rate and inflation. The results from the study indicate that the key determinants of interest rate spread for the selected commercial banks are the treasury bills rate, TBillrate; Real GDP rate, Non-interest income, NII; Provision for loan losses, PLL and Non-performing loans, NPL. The results also show that the interest rate spread for the selected local commercial bank is higher than that of the selected foreign commercial bank. The policy implication from the study is that the high responsiveness of commercial banks spread to the treasury bills and real GDP rate needs to be regulated. This study can be extended by exploring the impact of financial sector development on interest rate spreads in commercial banking system.
Contribution of own sources revenue collections to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal councils
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masogo, Masore Mwerya
This study was based on the contibution of ownsources revenue collection to the implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal Councils (Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni). Councils revenue collection and expenditure time series secondary data from 2003 to 2012 collected quarterly were used, whereby Ordinary Least square method was used to estimate the model. Overall results by using F-test shows p(0.0000) and it is statistically significant by 1%, this implies ownsources revenue collections have an impact on implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. Despite of that significancy, still there was some variable which did not satisfy all conditions of significance. Variable like funds collected from sales of municipal properties did not show linear relationship to implementation of development projects, but all the remaining variables were statistically significant and linearly related to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. These result will help decision makers to make appropriate policies and decision on how to emphasize and concentrate more on ownsources revenue collection. This also will help many Local Government Authorities to identify more sources of income which can rise their revenue and set a clear demarcation of some amount of funds to be spent for implementation of development projects, rather than spent on everyday expenses (Recurrent expenditures).
Determinants of export performance in Tanzania.
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Rwenyagila, Geofrey A.
Tanzanian economy is characterized by a large traditional rural sector and a small modern urban sector. Agriculture, accounts for about half of GDP, it contributes about 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. However in the recent years tourism and mining have become the largest foreign exchange earners. Statistics show that the value of traditional exports remained minimal compared to nontraditional exports, whereby the value of non-traditional exports were US$ 2,270.6 million and US$ 1,704.5 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively, representing to an increase of 28.8 percent (Economic Survey, 2008). On the other hand the value of traditional exports were USD 319.7 million and USD 418.4 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively (URT, 2008). This study examined factors affecting export performance in Tanzania using a time series data for the period between 1990 and 2009. Specifically, the study analyzed the influence of macroeconomic factors such as Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, inflation rate, real exchange rate and terms of trade. The main proposition of the study was that macroeconomic factors significantly influence export performance. In testing this proposition, three regression models were estimated for total export, traditional exports and non-traditional exports. Empirical results and analysis indicated that real exchange rate and foreign direct investment were significant to export performance in all sectors that is total export, traditional and nontraditional exports. Gross Domestic Product was also found significant in all sectors except traditional sector. However, Inflation Rate and Terms of Trade were found significant determinants to total export and traditional exports. The same variables were found insignificant to nontraditional exports. The study concludes with a recommendation to improve export performances for both traditional and nontraditional exports, as well as to diversify export base of the country by formulating good trade policy, attract more Foreign Direct Investment, improve infrastructure and create good business environment.
Relationship between foreign direct investment, exports and economic growth in Tanzania: A time series analysis
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Bomani, Bertha Alfred
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and exports play a significant role in promoting economic growth in many countries. However, empirical studies have not found consistent results, with some literature indicating that FDI and export have adverse impacts to the economy. This study examined long run and causality relationships between FDI, exports and economic growth for Tanzania. The study used time series data for 30 years (1980- 2010) which were obtained from TIC and UNCTAD. By using Johansen test of cointegration, Vector Autoregression model and Granger causality test the study found that there was a single cointegrating vector. The equation was relating FDI and exports (as independent variables) to Economic growth, the dependent variable. Furthermore, there was unidirectional causality relationship with the direction from FDI and exports to GDP growth rate (economic growth). There was also a unidirectional causality with the direction from FDI to exports. Therefore, FDI Granger caused GDP growth rate and exports, while exports Granger caused GDP growth rate only. This further implied that, FDI have a direct and indirect causality to GDP growth rate. This observation necessitated the special consideration for making FDI working for growth. Likewise for total exports which had positive and significant relationship to economic growth. The findings in this study support the export-led growth hypothesis and FDI as the engine for economic growth. For export and FDI to effectively promote growth, the study recommends that policy frameworks and incentive packages should be competitive and vigorous enough.
Determinants of export performance in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Rwenyagila, Geofrey A.
Tanzanian economy is characterized by a large traditional rural sector and a small modern urban sector. Agriculture, accounts for about half of GDP, it contributes about 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. However in the recent years tourism and mining have become the largest foreign exchange earners. Statistics show that the value of traditional exports remained minimal compared to nontraditional exports, whereby the value of non-traditional exports were US$ 2,270.6 million and US$ 1,704.5 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively, representing to an increase of 28.8 percent (Economic Survey, 2008). On the other hand the value of traditional exports were USD 319.7 million and USD 418.4 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively (URT, 2008). This study examined factors affecting export performance in Tanzania using a time series data for the period between 1990 and 2009. Specifically, the study analyzed the influence of macroeconomic factors such as Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, inflation rate, real exchange rate and terms of trade. The main proposition of the study was that macroeconomic factors significantly influence export performance. In testing this proposition, three regression models were estimated for total export, traditional exports and non-traditional exports. Empirical results and analysis indicated that real exchange rate and foreign direct investment were significant to export performance in all sectors that is total export, traditional and nontraditional exports. Gross Domestic Product was also found significant in all sectors except traditional sector. However, Inflation Rate and Terms of Trade were found significant determinants to total export and traditional exports. The same variables were found insignificant to nontraditional exports. The study concludes with a recommendation to improve export performances for both traditional and nontraditional exports, as well as to diversify export base of the country by formulating good trade policy, attract more Foreign Direct Investment, improve infrastructure and create good business environment.
Socio-economic factors affecting smallholder sunflower production in Mvomero District, Morogoro Region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Godfrey, Tuntufye
Sunflower is one of the new crops in Tanzania that has high contribution to farmers to food and income of farmers. It is one of the biggest sources of fats, protein, carbohydrates and vitamins for human consumption. The crop is also the source of human nutritious minerals,as well as other manufactured animal feeds. Despite the cited overall importance of the crop amongst smallholder farmers in the country, the factors determining its yield are less understood. The aim of this study was to investigate socio-economic factors affecting smallholder sunflower production. The study was conducted in Mlali ward in Mvomero District in Morogoro region. A total of 50 smallholder sunflower growers was surveyed using questionnaire. A multiple regression analysis was used to estimate and test the relationship between socio-economic factors and sunflower production. The results revealed that the sex of the farmer, size of the farm cultivated by the farmer and use of quality seeds were statistically significant factors affecting the production of the crop in the study area. It is concluded that smallholder sunflower farming sector has high contribution to meet the demand of edible oil, contribute to income of households and used as source of animal feed in the study area. In order to achieve all these, government initiative to provide farmers with adequate subsidies on agricultural inputs and increasing provision of extension officers to assist farmers on proper agronomic practices must be adhered to so as to address the declining farm production being experienced by smallholder farmers in Mlali ward.
Contribution of advertising on sales improvement: The case of Zanzibar bottlers limited
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Suleiman, Yahaya S.
This study assessed the contribution of advertising on sales improvement with case study of Zanzibar Bottlers Limited. By using descriptive case study a representative sample of 70 respondents was obtained from the population of 435. The methods of data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by using questionnaire, interview guide, documentary sources, and observation. Whereas documentary review was used in secondary method. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, MS excel and simple calculations by calculator were used to analyze the data where simple frequencies and percentages were created. The findings revealed that advertising contribute much on sales improvement where by 88 percent of the respondents said informative advertising affect sales of ZBL, 80 percent said remaindering advertising affect sales improvement and 64 percent have replied that persuasive advertising affect sales improvement. The researcher therefore calls for the administration of ZBL to pay attention on advertising strategies for the sake of embracing market share, goodwill, profitability as well as sales of the company
Assessment of village savings and loans associations on household income at Southern Unguja
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Shauri, Khamis A.
This study was interested on income poverty analysis to the community of southern Unguja in which majority of the household members were engaged on Village Savings and Credits Associations groups (VSLA). The primary objective of the study was an assessment of Village Savings and Loans Associations on Household Income at Southern Unguja. Total sample of 217 head of household who are joined with VSLA were selected. The study has provided two conceptual frame, namely total household income and determinants of VSLA’ income. All technical techniques of sample size and determination were carried out. Two hypotheses were formulated; the result of the first hypothesis shown that income from VSLA, livestock, business and casual labour was economically significance at 1 and 5 per cent level. The result of the second hypothesis was very interesting in which the demographic variables had no impact to the VSLA income, the variable size of member who joined with the group and amount of household saving had shown to have impact at 1 per cent significance level. The Gini index shown the society of southern unguja has relative equality.
The contribution of tourism on poverty reduction at Northern Region in Unguja: A case of pro poor tourism at Kiwengwa- Pongwe Village
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Abdalla, Said Faraji
This study assessed the Contribution of Tourism on Poverty Reduction at Northern region in Unguja; A case of pro poor tourism at Kiwengwa- Pongwe village. The study used the cross sectional data of 91 samples population of households from all Shehias of Kiwengwa-Pongwe. The data analyzed by using SPSS and STATA softwares. The results showed that the most economic activities, by which the local community had been engaged for employments, were employments from the tourism related activities which were about 46.2 percent equivalent to 86.8 percent of total income accrued by the households from that sector. The market chain for the development of livehood of local community in that area the results have shown that about 73.6 percent were access the market for their sea products, the market for local spices to tourists were about 17.6, the market for selling handcrafts were 5.5 percent and only remaining 3.3 per cent were the market for their agriculture products. In other hand the impact of the tourism sector on the growth of other services about the 73.6 per cent of respondents have denoted that the massive flow of the tourism investors in that area have influenced the economic and social transformation in that areas. It was found that about 57.1 percent of the local entrepreneurs got their initial capital from the support of pro poor projects in that areas and only 42.9 percent of local entrepreneurs got their initial capital from their own means of business formulation. It was found that 47.3 percent reported that tourism have more significance on employment opportunities, about 36.3 percent said tourism have significance on development of infrastructure, 12.1 percent said tourism have significance on improvement of the social services and only 4.4 percent said tourism have significance on growth of other sectors. In conclusion there is a need for the government of Zanzibar to address the special policy which will enhance the role of local community on the development of tourism activities .The establishment of that policy should be well organized, documented and implemented. The study also has recognized that the government of Zanzibar should have the decentralization policy that will promote and enhance the pro poor benefits from the income collected by the local government on entire area in order to improve the local community development.
Economic institutions that influence women investment return in Zanzibar
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Ame, Mtumwa Haji
Women nowadays are engaged in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises as a source of income generation and employment. However, the return does not grow significantly; due to a number of factors including existence of economic institutions that affect their performance. This study centered on examining the economic institutions that influence women investment returns in Urban District of Zanzibar. Interviews, focus group discussion, questionnaires, survey, and documentary reviews were methods employed to collect information of the study. Primary data of 105 women investors was used. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze both quantitative and qualitative data and Multiple Linear Regression of Model of Ordinary Least Square was used to find out the relationship between the variable. The findings show that there is a statistical significance relationship between economic institutions i.e Institution 1 (1)= interest rate, Institutions 2 (I2) = accessibility of the market and institution 3 = entrepreneurs behavior. Other institutions are Institution 4 (I4) = access to credit and institution 5 (I5)= level of education. The study recommends the need for promotion of provide gender equality in Zanzibar. This can be done by promoting this in schools, colleges, and universities. Furthermore, the study recommends the need to educate husbands, fathers, and brothers on the importance of allowing their wives, sisters, and daughters to market. At the same time to establish a policy that guides women in the reduction of family responsibility because of their importance in the economy. However, microfinance institutions must be responsible to provide education on business skills meanwhile women must be encouraged to attend these seminars. Micro financial institutions like WEDTEF, SACCOSS and PRIDE need to reduce constrain on women investors who request for loans given that they understand to need for repaying the loan. With such strategies, women will continue applying for more loans and repay those loans to leverage their capital to run their business efficiently.
Agricultural financing initiatives in developing countries: Can microfinance fill The gap? The case of Iringa Rural district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Munuo, Catherine
Developing country, are suffering from financial shortage in almost all economic sectors particularly in agriculture sector. The initiatives done by the government and different donor agency to finance the farmers have not been able to cover the costs associated with agricultural activities to farmers. As the result farmers continue using tradition farming and depend on informal financial institutions to cover up their financial costs (Wenner, 2010).The informal institutions charge very high interests and often do not meet the needs of the farmers. For this case, microfinance is considered as noble substitute for informal credit and therefore regarded as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation among the farmers who are economically active but financially constrained (Murdoch & Haley, 2002). This study presents an empirical investigation on this considerable effect of microfinance toward agriculture financial predicament. The general question that guided the study was “Can microfinance fill agriculture financial gap in developing countries" with a particular focus to Iringa rural district in Tanzania. Cross- sectional, primary data from a sample of 188 farmers was analyzed using the binary logistic regression techniques, to see if microfinance can fill agriculture financial gap or not. The study shows that; 17% of the farmers depend on informal institution and those who depend on microfinance are only 9%. The supply of microfinance credit to the farmers is very limited and it’s only 27% of the respondent, who were able to receive the same amount they applied for. Furthermore its only 41% of the whole farmers who managed to finance their agriculture cost. The odds ratio in favour of scale of the farm increases the possibility of covering financial gap as the scale of the farm decreases. Government subsidies have negative impact on possibility of microfinance to fill the financial gap where as microfinance awareness has positive influence on the possibility of microfinance to fill the gap. This study therefore contributes to the understanding of the current situation regarding agriculture finance and fills the unknown knowledge of microfinance contribution toward agriculture financing gap.
Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: A Case of Urambo District
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Daimon, Benedicto
This study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.
Contribution of own sources revenue collections to implementation of development projects in Dar Es Salaam Municipal councils: 2003(I) – 2012(Iv)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masogo, Masore M.
This study was based on the contibution of ownsources revenue collection to the implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal Councils (Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni). Councils revenue collection and expenditure time series secondary data from 2003 to 2012 collected quarterly were used, where by Ordinary Least square method was used to estimate the model. Overall results by using F-test shows p(0.0000) and it is statistically significant by 1%, this implies ownsources revenue collections have an impact on implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. Despite of that significancy, still there was some variable which did not satisfy all conditions of significance. Variable like funds collected from sales of municipal properties did not show linear relationship to implementation of development projects, but all the remaining variables were statisticaly significant and linearly related to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. These result will help decision makers to make appropriate policies and decision on how to emphasize and concetrate more on ownsources revenue collection. This also will help many Local Government Authorities to identify more sources of income which can rise their revenue and set a clear demarcation of some amount of funds to be spent for implementation of development projects, rather than spent on everyday expences (Recurrent expenditures).
The success of personal records keeping by Mafiga secondary school employees in Morogoro municipality
(2013) Obely, Shadrack
The focus of this report was to examine how employees keep their personal records in the public sector. The study involved the respondents from Mafiga Secondary School, Municipal Education Officer and District executive officer. Personal records keeping by public servants are a common phenomenon in developing countries. It is a well-recognized fact that records keeping are the source of information which helps administrator to reach in a certain decision in all matters of pension benefits, promotion and retention. This study had the objectives of finding out how employees in public institutions had succeeded in keeping their personal records. This investigation was a case study design which used one School in Morogoro Municipal as a study area while the population of the study included Teachers from Mafinga Secondary School and officers from Morogoro Municipality. Research results have shown that personal record is of great important and it’s the responsibility of each new employees in public working to keep personal records for future references and as policy requirements, despite existence of effort of government to come up with policies, labour Acts and employment Acts towards improving personnel records in public services, despite all these effort from the government personnel records has remained inferior. This state of affairs has continuously picked up the space towards loss of personnel documents and delay of payment of retired benefits and poor delivery of services in public services. The study recommended several measures to be taken in order to improve. These recommendations are provision of on working training, rising of awareness’ of the employees on importance of keeping personal records. If these recommendation will be effectively and concurrently implemented will improve the services delivery to the employees due to availability of right records which are kept by employees themselves.
Contribution of tourism on household’s income in Tanzania: The case of Mto wa Mbu in Arusha region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Igiha, Emmanuel
There are arguments on extensive roles of tourism as regards to improvement of the welfare and living condition of surrounding communities vested on the relationships between tourism and the household’s income. In order to provide critical analysis on the matter, the study focuses on assessing the impact of tourism on household’sincome to communities living adjacent to protected areas by examining the contribution of tourism income to the total household’s income. In so doing, the study examines the effects of tourism on employment and business opportunities in the community and income of the local people at Mto wa Mbu. The study also assesses the contribution of tourism on social services provisions in the community by investigating the supply and employment opportunities and factors that enhance such opportunities. The main focus is on the access of communities on tourism employment, capacity to sell to tourist hotels and lodges and business innovative patterns. The researcher has used both cross-section and longitudinal research designs using the survey and documentary reviews data technique. The survey technique was carried through the established questionnaires and interview guides which were applied to 95 respondents whore were randomly selected through the stratified sampling technique. The community of Mto wa Mbu depends on tourism on their day to day economic activities such as selling their farm produces and artisanal products as well as on employment in lodges, hotels and camps. The findings show that tourism has a significant contribution on household’s income at Mto wa Mbu through provision of farm supplies and employment opportunities which are provided in the industry. The researcher recommends that, the government and other practitioners should increase their efforts on enhancing the community to increase their productivity capacity especially through education in order to increase community awareness and hence productivity.
Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: The case of Urambo district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Benedicto, Daimon
This study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.
Constraints to growth of small and medium enterprises in Zanzibar: The case of urban west region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Hassan, Zena M.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are very important to the Zanzibar economic growth and hence, the need to ensure that SMEs grow sustainably cannot be over emphasized. At present, however, SMEs growth rate is still limited due to a number of factors that act as the barriers to its growth. This study empirically examined the constraints to SMEs Growth. A survey of 70 small firms was carried out to firms in services, food processing, and agriculture and tourism sectors in Urban West Region of Unguja. The Principal Component Analysis was used to determine dominant constraints, of which five constraints were identified. These include lack of entrepreneur skill, unfavorable government regulations, lack of access to finance, lack of access to power supply, and unreliable of water supply. The constraints were analyzed further to determine the extent to which the identified constraints actually hinder SMEs growth. In this, a logistic regression model was estimated. The result of the analysis shows that unfavourable government regulations and unreliable utility supply (power) significantly hinder SME growth in Zanzibar. Therefore, this study argues that weaknesses and lack of government policy and inadequate provision of power supply do not meet requirements of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) growth. The non government organization supported by central government should provide education concerns with business skills at the same time entrepreneurs should be ready to attend seminars on how to run their business, institutions finance should regulate and reduce constrain on SMEs so as smoothing take a loan . To overcome these obstacles, various measures are suggested include appropriate policies that create conducive environment toward SMEs growth. The study concludes with a discussion of policy implications and areas for further research.
East Africa Community (EAC) non-tariff barriers and their effects on Tanzanian small and medium agro enterprises cross border trade
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Mkuna, Eliaza
This study was done to assess the East Africa Community (EAC) Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and their effects on Tanzanian small and medium agro enterprises (SMAEs) engaged in EAC cross border trade. Specific objectives were; to describe the structure and characteristics of Tanzanian SMAEs; to examine determinants of Tanzanian SMAEs engagement in EAC cross border trade, to identify NTBs that affect Tanzanian SMAE’s engaged in the EAC cross Border trade; and, to analyze the effect of identified NTBs on Tanzanian SMAEs trading in the EAC cross border trade. Both secondary and primary data were collected from Arusha, Mwanza, and Kagera. The number of respondents who comprised owners of SMAEs was 105 for those who were trading locally within the country, and 105 for those who were engaged in the EAC cross border trade. Agricultural goods selected were maize, beans and rice as major crops traded within the EAC region. Descriptive Statistics and Binary Logistic linear regression model were used to examine determinants and characteristics of Tanzania SMAEs engaged in EAC cross border trade. Costs and Benefit Analysis method was used to ascertain the projected Net Present Value between exporting agricultural products to EAC countries and trading similar products within the country , and to analyze the effect of NTBs. The results indicate that SMAEs engaged in EAC cross border trade are affected by 26 % of additional transport costs resulting from NTBs. However, there are potential benefits to be earned by SMAEs engaged in cross border trade if NTBs are reduced. Major recommendations are as follows; i) Government and private institutions should decentralize to help in registering and monitoring Agribusiness sector at regional and district level and help to abolish NTBs ii) Increase the pace of harmonizing the trading procedures and policies in the EAC region to assist in smoothing trade activities
Analysis of the impact of women development fund on household’s welfare. The case of Kiteto district, Manyara region, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2016) Kavenuke, Edgar P.
The study analysed the impact of women development fund (WDF) on welfare of household‟s in Kiteto district. The study specifically focused on analysing the contribution of Women Development fund loan on household‟s welfare, to evaluate the contribution of education on household‟s welfare, and to investigate the contribution of employment on household‟s welfare. Self administered questionnaire were employed in data collection from 105 respondents who were obtained by simple random sampling technique. Seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) model was used to determine the magnitude of change of income, ownership of assets, and nutritional status as response variables. Excel computer software was used for data entries and STATA for analysis. The results were: WDF contributed on household‟s welfare by 99% because it was significant on income, ownership of assets, and nutrition. Assets that were owned by women were televisions, cellular phones, bicycles, motorcycles, while few women owned houses. Education contributed household‟s welfare by 66.7% whereby 33.33% in income, and 11.11%, and 22.22% on ownership of assets, and nutrition respectively. Self employment contributed ownership of assets by 33.33%. The findings were; the WDF loan size is good strategy for reduction of income poverty in the country. There is low understanding of women on policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets. However borrowers sustained an increased income by ensuring that the economies of scale from their firms were optimally attained by increasing production as average cost falls up to the point where optimally output was produced. Investing in secondary education is good strategy for increasing income and improving nutritional status, while increasing self employment is a good strategy for ownership of assets on women. The study recommends the government to provide adequate loan size and to impart knowledge to women about policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets.
Maternal health care utilization and its socio-economic implications in Tanzania: A study of Ilembo and Masoko wards in Mbeya District
(Mzumbe University, 2016) Maguja, Nestory
This study examined the socio-economic implications of Maternal Health Care in Tanzania using Masoko and Ilembo wards as a case study. The specific questions were (a) To what extent does maternal health care utilization affect household production in Tanzania? (b) To what degree does maternal health care utilization affect the healthy days of maternal mothers in Tanzania? (c)To what level does maternal health care utilization reduce vulnerability to diseases of maternal mothers in Tanzania? (d)To what extent does maternal health care utilization affect the health expenditure of the Tanzanians? The random probability sampling technique chose a sample size of 143 respondents. The findings show that most respondents (64%) made one to three antenatal Care visits, while 36% made the required number of four and above antenatal care clinic visits. Based on these data, it can be confirmed that the utilization is low. The findings also show that the maternal mother’s age, distance, lack of education, and income level were reasons for the low utilization of maternal health services. On the socio-economic effects, the results showed that respondents with higher antenatal care visit majority 76.7% of them earned more than 500,000Tzs per year compared to 23.3%with lower antenatal care visits (p=0.0005). Furthermore, among respondents with higher antenatal care clinic visits, only 7.6% were unhealthy for more than 40 days per year compared to 92.4% with lower antenatal care clinic visits (p= 0.0005). In respondents with higher antenatal care clinic visits, only 17.9% were vulnerable to hemorrhage, puerile-sepsis, ecclesial, and anemia compared to 82.1% with lower antenatal care clinic visits (p=0.0005). 91.4% of respondents with lower antenatal care visits spent more than 100,000Tzs on health problems compared to only 8.6% with higher antenatal care visits (p=0.0005). Increase of health facilities Availability and provision of maternal health knowledge were some of the study's policy recommendations.

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