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Item Agricultural financing initiatives in developing countries: Can microfinance fill the gap? The case of Iringa Rural district, Tanzania.(Mzumbe University, 2017) Munuo, CatherineDeveloping country, are suffering from financial shortage in almost all economic sectors particularly in agriculture sector. The initiatives done by the government and different donor agency to finance the farmers have not been able to cover the costs associated with agricultural activities to farmers. As the result farmers continue using tradition farming and depend on informal financial institutions to cover up their financial costs (Wenner, 2010).The informal institutions charge very high interests and often do not meet the needs of the farmers. For this case, microfinance is considered as noble substitute for informal credit and therefore regarded as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation among the farmers who are economically active but financially constrained (Murdoch & Haley, 2002). This study presents an empirical investigation on this considerable effect of microfinance toward agriculture financial predicament. The general question that guided the study was “Can microfinance fill agriculture financial gap in developing countries" with a particular focus to Iringa rural district in Tanzania. Cross- sectional, primary data from a sample of 188 farmers was analyzed using the binary logistic regression techniques, to see if microfinance can fill agriculture financial gap or not. The study shows that; 17% of the farmers depend on informal institution and those who depend on microfinance are only 9%. The supply of microfinance credit to the farmers is very limited and it’s only 27% of the respondent, who were able to receive the same amount they applied for. Furthermore its only 41% of the whole farmers who managed to finance their agriculture cost. The odds ratio in favour of scale of the farm increases the possibility of covering financial gap as the scale of the farm decreases. Government subsidies have negative impact on possibility of microfinance to fill the financial gap where as microfinance awareness has positive influence on the possibility of microfinance to fill the gap. This study therefore contributes to the understanding of the current situation regarding agriculture finance and fills the unknown knowledge of microfinance contribution toward agriculture financing gap.Item Agricultural financing initiatives in developing countries: Can microfinance fill The gap? The case of Iringa Rural district, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2013) Munuo, CatherineDeveloping country, are suffering from financial shortage in almost all economic sectors particularly in agriculture sector. The initiatives done by the government and different donor agency to finance the farmers have not been able to cover the costs associated with agricultural activities to farmers. As the result farmers continue using tradition farming and depend on informal financial institutions to cover up their financial costs (Wenner, 2010).The informal institutions charge very high interests and often do not meet the needs of the farmers. For this case, microfinance is considered as noble substitute for informal credit and therefore regarded as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation among the farmers who are economically active but financially constrained (Murdoch & Haley, 2002). This study presents an empirical investigation on this considerable effect of microfinance toward agriculture financial predicament. The general question that guided the study was “Can microfinance fill agriculture financial gap in developing countries" with a particular focus to Iringa rural district in Tanzania. Cross- sectional, primary data from a sample of 188 farmers was analyzed using the binary logistic regression techniques, to see if microfinance can fill agriculture financial gap or not. The study shows that; 17% of the farmers depend on informal institution and those who depend on microfinance are only 9%. The supply of microfinance credit to the farmers is very limited and it’s only 27% of the respondent, who were able to receive the same amount they applied for. Furthermore its only 41% of the whole farmers who managed to finance their agriculture cost. The odds ratio in favour of scale of the farm increases the possibility of covering financial gap as the scale of the farm decreases. Government subsidies have negative impact on possibility of microfinance to fill the financial gap where as microfinance awareness has positive influence on the possibility of microfinance to fill the gap. This study therefore contributes to the understanding of the current situation regarding agriculture finance and fills the unknown knowledge of microfinance contribution toward agriculture financing gap.Item An analysis of the household development strategies and their linkage to river basin resources in Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2018) Shitima, ChristinaMore than a decade ago, the Tanzanian government reformed its policy on the governance of water resources from a predominantly centralized system to a more participatory approach. The implementation of the policy required a simultaneous consideration of both the ecological and social cultural context of the basin and involvement of different stakeholders during the planning and management of water resources. The policy implementation was expected to conserve basins resources without negatively affecting livelihoods of people who depend on river basin resources (RBR). Despite the water policy reform, RBR in Tanzania are still degrading. While the factors for the RBR degradation are well articulated in literature, there is still a knowledge gap in terms of individuals’ characteristics that govern their use of RBR in Tanzania. From this vantage point, our study sets out to investigate in more depth the factors that influence the uses of RBR in different socio-economic and cultural contexts to inform policies on the improvement of rural livelihoods while at the same time protecting the river basin natural resource bases. More specifically, we analyze household characteristics that govern decisions regarding RBR use and assess linkages between people’s access to RBR , choices of development strategies and degradation of RBR. The study uses data collected from households residing along Kilombero Basin and Simiyu Basin.Intra-household data were collected from different household members aged 18 and above who carry out different socio-economic activities. A mixed methods research design, the qualitative— quantitative—qualitative approaches, were used in a sequential manner to answer the research questions. Findings show that informal social relation factors influence both practical rights to use RBR and benefits from the use of resources, which further result in diversities in occupational choices. While almost everyone practices seasonal farming to provide food for household consumption, informal social relation factors and access to social and financial capitals, affect participation in activities that are used for income generation. Lastly, yet importantly, gender, participation in multiple activities and environmental awareness are important factors for people to practice pro-environmental behavior The study provides important contributions to the literature on access to resources as well as to the policy settings by showing the importance of distinguishing between practical rights to use resources and benefits derived from their use. Furthermore, the study confirmed intersectionality and intra-household theories by demonstrating that both men and women are heterogeneous groups in societies. The findings that show that access to social and financial capitals are important factors for people to diversify away from non-environmental to environmental friendly activities provide important information to policy makers and other practitioners dealing with conservation. The study also sheds light on the importance of providing people with environmental education and incentives to encourage pro-environmental behavior.Item An assessment of education stakeholders’ views on the provision of free education in Tanzanian schools: the case of selected ward secondary schools in Morogoro Municipality(Mzumbe Unversity, 2019) Venance, AgnesThe study intended to assess the education stakeholders’ views on the provision of free education in Tanzanian schools, specifically in ward secondary schools including Kolla Hill and Sumaye in Morogoro Municipality. It was based mainly on the education stakeholders’ views on motivation of teachers, the quality of education in academic performance, challenges and how to overcome them under the provision of free education. This study worked with 40 participants who include education stakeholders from two selected ward secondary schools known as Kolla Hill and Sumaye ward secondary schools. Questionnaires were used for 32 teachers; interviews were used for two heads of schools, two ward education officers and four parents, documentary review was used in administrative documents like National examinations results of form IV for three years from 2014/2015, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, teachers’ files. This has shown that there is improvement of the quality of education in academic performance. Also, teacher’s files and school board meeting files showed how the motivation of teachers was provided before free education policy and after from which it has revealed that, teachers are less motivated in free education policy than in cost sharing system. Also, the results show that, under free education policy teachers are less motivated but rather parents and students who were not paying any contribution at school. However, free education policy brought some problems like over-enrolment of students, lower achievers students from primary schools, and misconception of parents about the provision of free education in ward secondary schools Morogoro municipality. Another problem is shortage of government budget in ward secondary schools to accommodate all necessary school requirements. The results of the study further show that there is improvement of performance and quality of education since free education started in 2016. Therefore, more education is needed to parents so as to make them aware of the implementation of free education policy in Morogoro municipality. The government budget is to be increased in schools for running school activities and motivating teachers and management of schools under the free education policy in Tanzania.Item An assessment of english language academic performance in Tanzanian secondary schools: A comparative study of students from english and kiswahili medium primary schools in Morogoro Municipality(Mzumbe University, 2018) Vedasto, ViacelThis study assessed the English language academic performance in secondary schools comparing those students from EMPs and KMPs was conducted in Morogoro Municipality. It adopted a case study research design which focused in attaining qualitative data. Also, structured questionnaires and interviews were administrated to a sample of 60 participants comprising 4 Academic teachers, 8 English language teachers and 48 students from Form III and Form IV. The findings show that KMPs students have better performance in English subject than EMPs students. The average performance between the two groups (KMPs and EMPs) in all examinations‟ results from the year 2015 to 2018,have shown that KMPs students have a total average of 54.83% for good academic performance (A and B scores) as per this study. EMPs students own 37.65%. It is missed 7.52% to reach 100%. This missing percentage has been occupied by other students who scored C which was not categorized as high English subject performance by this study. Moreover, 75% of the teachers revealed that there are several challenges; including differences in students‟ ability to learn, poor students‟ classroom participation, shortage of teaching resources and lack of motivation. Finally, the participants gave some means on how to overcome the mentioned problems. These are emphasis on students to build a reading culture, teaching through participatory methods as well as provision of adequate funds for educational financing from the government. It is concluded that parents and guardians should provide actual support to enhance students‟ good academic performance in English language subject regardless of their primary schools‟ backgrounds. There should be a policy stating only one language to be used as the LOI and a subject in all levels of education. Likewise, further studies are recommended on assessing the factors contributing to poor performance of EMPs students in English subject at ordinary secondary schoolsItem An assessment of English language academic performance in Tanzanian secondary schools: A comparative study of students from English and Kiswahili medium primary schools in Morogoro Municipality(Mzumbe University, 2018) Vedasto, ViacelThis study assessed the English language academic performance in secondaryschools comparing those students from EMPs and KMPs was conducted in Morogoro Municipality. It adopted a case study research design which focused in attaining qualitative data. Also, structured questionnaires and interviews were administrated to a sample of 60 participants comprising 4 Academic teachers, 8 English language teachers and 48 studentsfrom Form III and Form IV. The findings show that KMPs students have better performance in English subject than EMPs students. The average performance between the two groups (KMPs and EMPs) in all examinations‟ results from the year 2015 to 2018,have shown that KMPs students have a total average of 54.83% for good academic performance (A and B scores) as per this study. EMPs students own 37.65%. It is missed 7.52% to reach 100%. This missing percentage has been occupied by other students who scored C which was not categorized as high English subject performance by this study. Moreover, 75% of the teachers revealed that there are several challenges; including differences in students‟ ability to learn, poor students‟ classroom participation, shortage of teaching resources and lack of motivation. Finally, the participants gave some means on how to overcome the mentioned problems. These are emphasis on students to build a reading culture, teaching through participatory methods as well as provision of adequate funds for educational financing from the government. It is concluded that parents and guardians should provide actual support to enhance students‟ good academic performance in English language subject regardless of their primary schools‟ backgrounds. There should be a policy stating only one language to be used as the LOI and a subject in all levels of education. Likewise, further studies are recommended on assessing the factors contributing to poor performance of EMPs students in English subject at ordinary secondary schools.Item Analysis of consumer choice on contraceptive use as a tool for improving family welfare in Meru District(Mzumbe University, 2013) Thadei, SelinaThis study analyzed consumer choice on contraceptive use and its implications on family welfare in Meru district. The study had two main research questions: what guides the consumer choice to use family planning and how does the use of family planning help in improving family welfare. The study used cross sectional study design and simple random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 100 individuals whose data was collected through face to face interviews. Based on descriptive data among economic variables; that were strongly associated with family planning were income and education specifically data revealed that university education has high percent contribution about 60% to family planning choice. Among demographic variables; that were strongly associated with family planning were age, gender and family size specifically data revealed female (75%) are the ones who access family planning than male, among social cultural factors; that were strongly associated with family planning were social networks and gender role specifically data revealed 65 respondents agreed that social network influenced their family planning choice, among perceived benefits; that were strongly associated with family planning were development needs and mothers health specifically data revealed that development 56 respondents needs guided their choice towards family planning. Based on the regression results, the economic factors that were important in determining family planning were distance at 10% significance level and education at 10% level. With regard to perceived benefits which were pooled into the same variable it was significant at 1% level. Based on the findings the study suggests that to make a successful move towards controlling population, family planning education is inevitable. This is to say there is a need to incorporate element of family planning for economic development when providing family planning education. It must make people perceive family planning beyond child spacing and more important incorporate how it affects family’s economic status.Item Analysis of efficiency in public hospitals in Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2018) Fumbwe, Fatuma M.For the past two decades, Tanzania has implemented various policies that aim to improve the performance of health sector and health status of every citizen. These efforts and policies had direct impact on improving health sector and achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Despite various efforts to improve health sector, the sector is still faced with various challenges, one among is inefficiency. The purpose of this study was to estimate efficiency of public hospitals in Tanzania for the year 2016. Specifically, the study sought to determine technical efficiency, scale efficiency and identifying factors influencing efficiency. To achieve the objectives, the study employed Data Envelopment Analysis (SFA), Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) and Tobit regression model on secondary data for the regional and district hospitals obtained from the Ministry of Health, Community, Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC). The study used medical staff and beds as input variables, and outpatients and inpatients as output variable. Results from DEA revealed that average technical efficiency of district hospitals and Regional referral hospitals was 69.3% and 90.7% respectively while findings from SFA depicted average efficiency score of 58% and 55% for Regional referral hospital and District hospitals respectively. In scale efficiency, 21.05% of District hospitals were efficient and 43.75% of Regional referral hospitals were scale efficient. On the other hand, Tobit regression results revealed that nurse, medical doctors, clinical officers and medical attendant are important factors in hospital production process, and they have influence on efficiency of public hospitals Lastly, the study concludes that Ministry of Health, Community, Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), and other concerned ministries and stakeholders need to take measures to improve efficiency as the study depicted inefficiency in public hospitals. Estimation of efficiency in public hospitals should be conducted regularly and reallocation of resources is necessary to be done in public hospitals.Item Analysis of green investments for combating climatic changes through carbon credit in Tanzania: A case study of Gepat in Karagwe District, Kagera Region(Mzumbe University, 2013) Charles, JulianaCarbon credit provision has been reported to be used as an economic incentive in mitigating climate change in the world. It has been reported by different climatic change activists that reforestation is the most important program in combating climate change in the world. This has been a concern for Project Managers (PM) and Economic Planners to address sustainable development in their plan. PMs and other social scientists cannot be involved in different natural scientific experiments, but the only way to participate in climatic change mitigation is to study economic behavioral systems directed to climatic change mitigation. Therefore, the provision of carbon credit in tree planting projects is based on the notion that trees help to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide as they grow. This study evaluates the contribution of provision of carbon credit incentives for combating climate change through tree plantation. The study uses a case study analysis in Kituntu and Rwambaizi wards in Karagwe District. The sampling frame was 1093 smallholder farmers (SHFs) whereby a sample of 120 was chosen. The research design was mainly triangulation methods whereby qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed. Data was collected using questionnaire and observation method. Data collected were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods, whereas simple statistics and linear regression model was used to test the hypotheses. The results reveal that the provision of carbon credit incentives such as seeds, seedlings and cash paid to farmers who plant trees have positive impact in increasing the rate of tree planting for combating climate change effects. In addition, the results shows that other factors which influence farmers to plant trees are the size of land owned by farmers and overall level of education which were found to be significant. effect in tree planting. However, the results also reveal that there is lack of extension services and technical support regarding tree plantation to farmers in the rural areas such as Karagwe District.It is recommended that those government institutions and other environmental protection stakeholders such as Wakk Foundation and Green Choice to cooperate with private institution in offering and creating incentive oriented programs in tree planting. The incentives motivates to motivate farmers to plant trees in their own land for the purpose of combating climate change needs to go tandem with planting timber, fruits bearing , oil seed and other beneficial trees. Commercial beneficial trees are relevant to the poor because the poor are continuously fighting poverty and therefore awareness creation on the importance and benefits of trees is equally an incentive to plant trees.The awareness creation on environmental education programs should be done frequently in the rural areas in order to reduce the rate of deforestation and increase the rate of afforestation. There is a need to conserve existing trees and add on new commercial and medicinal trees. Extension services should be established in rural areas so as the farmers will be able to get technical support from extension agents. In a way the goal of combating climate change through planting of trees in farmers' fields organized in a TRUST such as GEPAT will be achieved.Item Analysis of health insurance adoption and its effects on health care utilization in Tanzania: A case of Njombe District.(Mzumbe University, 2018) Ngeniuko, GraceHealth is one of the important pillars of socioeconomic that promotes the welfare of the individual and the nation. To address the problem of access to health care services in order to improve health status, Tanzania has implemented various policies for the past two decades. These efforts include the introduction of health insurance whereby over 30% of Tanzanian has been enrolled with health insurance. Furthermore, Tanzania has made significant progress with regards to investment in health sector by promoting major health policies aiming at enhancing sustainability of health status of its populace. Despite of various efforts to improve health sector, the sector is still faced with various challenges including low utilization of health care services. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of health insurance on health care utilization in Njombe district. Specifically the study examined the extend of peoples adoption of health insurance, social-economic factors influencing adoption of health insurance and the effect of health insurance on healthcare utilization. To archive the objectives the study employed data from primary source drawn from 138 samples of respondents including 79 adopters and 59 non adopters of health insurance respectively. The probit model was used to examine the effect of social-economic factors influencing adoption of health insurance and ordered probit model on the effect of health insurance on healthcare utilization. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the extent of adoption of health insurance in Njombe district. The findings from the study shows that, 57.2% of respondents adopted health insurance and 42.8% were adopters, where age, sex, income level, household size, household dependency, premium affordability and education level were statistically factor explaining the adoption of health insurance. Furthermore marital status, education level, household income, distances and health insurance is statistical significant influencing health care utilization. Lastly the study recommends for the awareness creation, remove boundaries of health insurance usage, and increase supply of medicines, and capacity building for health insurance management in order to increase coverage of health insurance so as to improve healthcare utilization in Njombe district.Item Analysis of social-economic factors affecting cashew nut production in Ruangwa District, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2014) Mallya, Paschal B. N.The study was concerned with the analysis of socio-economic factors affecting cashew nut production with special reference to Ruangwa District Council. Data collection was through structured questionnaire administered to 200 respondents selected through random sampling technique. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the socio- economic factors that affect production of cashew nuts in Ruangwa District. The study objective was realized through the utilization of the multiple linear regression models since model consisted seven variables, F-test and Z-test were used to test the overall significance of the variables. The main objective in using this technique was to predict the variability of the dependent variable based on its covariance with all the independent variables. The methods of analysis used were descriptive statistics and production function analysis using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) criterion to estimate the parameters of the production function. Econometric techniques were used to estimate the determinants of cashew production. Linear regression analysis using SPSS (16) and STATA (9) software programs were employed for the modeling of cashew nut production as determined by postulated determinants and to assess the relative importance of various variables. Results showed that majority of the farmers were female engaged in cashew nut production. Cashew nut farming was the main activity as a minimum farm size was 4.125 acres. Results further revealed that farm size (acreage) physical capital, fertilizer, price, extension services, primary education were positively related to cashew output while labour and secondary education were inversely related. Based on findings, the study recommend that the government should emphasize on following in order to increase the production of cashew nut including: increase of land size for the purpose of increasing marginal productivity, use of fertilizers, provision of credits to farmers and improvement of infrastructures including roads, communication infrastructures and energy.Item Analysis of the determinants of dinger productivity in Tanzania: A case of Madaba district council(Mzumbe University, 2019) Peredius, PaulThe study investigated the determinants of ginger productivity in Tanzania; a case of Madaba District Council. A cross sectional research design was used; the sample size of 202 respondents was obtained through purposive and non-purpose sampling techniques. STATA version 14 and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used to analyze the data. The data indicated that ginger determinants involved in the model, it tell the variation obtained in ginger output or produce with the determinants of coefficient of R- squared which revealed that 60 per cent of the variables was explained by the model by itself. In nut shell, it can be concluded that large farm size, farmer`s experience, the education level from primary to diploma of the respondents, age and the use of extension services have significant effects on ginger productivity. The study also indicated that ginger farming was found to be profitable with the gross margin of 87% or 0.87 per acre/per annum. Finally, the study found that the determinants affecting ginger farming in the study area include; inadequate of capital, low price ranging from Tshs. 500 to Tshs. 1500 per one kilogram, unavailability of laborers, poor infrastructure, and ginger middlemen exploitation. Hence it is vital to raise public awareness on the potential for sector. It is recommended that the government should discourage the middlemen who buy ginger direct from the farmers by low price and starting the selling point which increase value addition, to enhance the use of extension services to ensure that ginger farmers in Madaba District have access to ginger improved seed and improved farm inputs, storage and marketing facilities, ginger farmers need to be assisted by providing the soft loans so that to enable them to enhance the area under ginger cultivation which will led to high yieldItem Analysis of the determinants of ginger productivity in Tanzania: A case of Madaba District council(Mzumbe Unversity, 2019) Paul, PerediusThe study investigated the determinants of ginger productivity in Tanzania; a case of Madaba District Council. A cross sectional research design was used; the sample size of 202 respondents was obtained through purposive and non-purposive sampling techniques. STATA version 14 and Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used to analyze the data. The data indicated that ginger determinants involved in the model, it tell the variation obtained in ginger output or produce with the determinants of coefficient of Squared which revealed that 60 per cent of the variables was explained by the model by itself. In nut shell, it can be concluded that large farm size, farmer`s experience, the education level from primary to diploma of the respondents, age and the use of extension services have significant effects on ginger productivity. The study also indicated that ginger farming was found to be profitable with the gross margin of 87% or 0.87 per acre/per annum. Finally, the study found that the determinants affecting ginger farming in the study area include; inadequate of capital, low price ranging from Tshs. 500 to Tshs. 1500 per one kilogram, unavailability of laborers, poor infrastructure, and ginger middlemen exploitation. Hence it is vital to raise public awareness on the potential for sector. It is recommended that the government should discourage the middlemen who buy ginger direct from the farmers by low price and starting the selling point which increase value addition, to enhance the use of extension services to ensure that ginger farmers in Madaba District have access to ginger improved seed and improved farm inputs, storage and marketing facilities, ginger farmers need to be assisted by providing the soft loans so that to enable them to enhance the area under ginger cultivation which will led to high yield.Item Analysis of the effect of school projects on school performance: A case of Morogoro Municipality(Mzumbe University, 2018) Hasunga, Elizabeth JaphetThe study analysed the effect of school projects in school performance, the focus was specifically to identify major economic projects owned and operated by secondary schools, determine the effect of income generated by school projects on student academic performance, and find out the challenges associated with economic projects in secondary schools in Morogoro Municipality. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. The purposive non-probability sampling and simple random sampling were employed from which 180 respondents were chosen as a representative sample. The data was analysed using binary logit and descriptive analysis. The findings show that the major school economic projects owned and operated by schools were such as crop farming, meeting halls, renting farms, poultry rearing and office projects which were used to generate income. The study indicates that of all projects crop farming was the leading income generating project in some private as well as public secondary schools. The findings on the effect of school project on student academic performance revealed that some public secondary schools with projects had more chances of increasing their students’ academic performance by 48.46% than those with no school projects. The findings on challenges associated with school economic projects show that 29.4% of respondents indicated initial capital as a challenge in establishing school economic projects. The study also indicates that only 43.9% of respondents had skills that could help in initiating and operating projects in secondary schools about 43.9% of respondents strongly agreed that lack of interest in projects was also a challenge in the management of economic projects in schools. The study recommends that to improve academic performance in secondary schools, the school administration and other stakeholders should not rely on the government funds or subsidies only but put emphasis on economic projects which generate income for self-reliance. Public Secondary School should initiate and continue to operate viable projects so that schools can raise fund to handle academic issues appropriately. The government and other stakeholders should ensure that there are trainings to teachers and students to build capacity on projects management for effective production.Item Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: A Case of Urambo District(Mzumbe University, 2013) Daimon, BenedictoThis study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.Item Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: The case of Urambo District(Mzumbe University, 2013) Benedicto, DaimonThis study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.Item Analysis of the impact of women development fund on household’s welfare. The case of Kiteto district, Manyara region, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2016) Kavenuke, Edgar P.The study analysed the impact of women development fund (WDF) on welfare of household‟s in Kiteto district. The study specifically focused on analysing the contribution of Women Development fund loan on household‟s welfare, to evaluate the contribution of education on household‟s welfare, and to investigate the contribution of employment on household‟s welfare. Self administered questionnaire were employed in data collection from 105 respondents who were obtained by simple random sampling technique. Seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) model was used to determine the magnitude of change of income, ownership of assets, and nutritional status as response variables. Excel computer software was used for data entries and STATA for analysis. The results were: WDF contributed on household‟s welfare by 99% because it was significant on income, ownership of assets, and nutrition. Assets that were owned by women were televisions, cellular phones, bicycles, motorcycles, while few women owned houses. Education contributed household‟s welfare by 66.7% whereby 33.33% in income, and 11.11%, and 22.22% on ownership of assets, and nutrition respectively. Self employment contributed ownership of assets by 33.33%. The findings were; the WDF loan size is good strategy for reduction of income poverty in the country. There is low understanding of women on policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets. However borrowers sustained an increased income by ensuring that the economies of scale from their firms were optimally attained by increasing production as average cost falls up to the point where optimally output was produced. Investing in secondary education is good strategy for increasing income and improving nutritional status, while increasing self employment is a good strategy for ownership of assets on women. The study recommends the government to provide adequate loan size and to impart knowledge to women about policy and laws governing equal rights on ownership of assets.Item Analysis of the relationship between household income levels and health status in Zanzibar: A case of Urban District(Mzumbe University, 2016) Bhai, Hafidh H.The study analyses relationship between household’s income levels and health status in Zanzibar. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between household’s income and morbidity, mortality and life expectancy respectively. The study used morbidity, mortality and life expectancy as health proxies rather than using health index as it would narrow the scope of investigation. Income and other socioeconomic determinants like age, gender, marital status, education, health care accessibility, number of meals and BMI were used as predictors of health status. To achieve the objective of the study, relevant cross-sectional primary data were collected from 96 respondents in urban district. The data collected were analyzed and relevant descriptive statistics were reported. Seemingly Unrelated Regression was employed as the method of estimation. Post regression tests such normality tests, correlation matrix, endogeneity test and Breusch-Pagan test were performed to avoid spurious regression. The findings show that, household’s income was found to have positive correlations with health status since it was estimated to increase by 41% from one unit increase of income of the rich compared to the income of the poor households as was expected holding other variables constant. Based from the findings, the study concludes that, variations of socioeconomic status in relation to lifestyles are the main predictors of health status. Since the rich suffer due to their unhealthy behaviours and the poor due to their poverty. Therefore, the government has to minimize income inequality by increasing income distributions and asset ownership to enable the poor to manage medical services and nutritious food for a healthy life. In addition should also emphasize the importance of changing lifestyles via national wise sports like SHIMIWI, UMISSETA, UMITASHUMTA and BAMATA targeting to minimize tobacco and alcoholic intake, insisting on physical activity, proper diet and natural food intake for healthy and productive society and not only targeting the rich but also the poor households.Item Antenatal healthcare utilization in maternal health facilities in Lushoto district, Tanga(Mzumbe University, 2019) Setonga, JumanneIn most developing countries maternal mortality remains large public trouble. One number of strategies to improve maternal health in both public and personal health facilities is the implementation and appropriate use of proper ANC services in which at least 4 visits is suggested. ANC utilization is influenced by various factors which differ in various regions and countries. The study aim was to establish the determinants of ANC services utilization in maternal health facilities in Lushoto district, Tanga. The study design was a case study which was conducted among recently delivered mothers seeking ANC in public and private maternal health facilities in Lushoto district. Antenatal mothers included were those who were aged 15-49 years. A sample of 396 antenatal mothers for the study was obtained. Purposive sampling technique was used in the study whereby submissive respondents who met the criteria of being selected were enrolled cumulatively until the required sample size was obtained. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain data from study participants and the structured interview was used for mothers who were unable to fill the questionnaires. After data collection, data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics which involved frequency distribution tables and percentage and employed logit and ordered probit regression analysis in analyzing utilization of ANC and factors upon frequency of visits of mother in health facility respectively. The results of the study showed that utilization of ANC services is influenced by marital status of expectant mother, expectant mother‟s education level, facility type, frequency of visit and waiting time for care whilst transport costs, income, use of public facility and insured mother influences frequency of visits of recent delivered mothers public and private health facilities in Lushoto district. The study recommends on the promotion and provision of education based on the ANC services package and be aware about the number of visits recommended by WHO which provides the need to educate pregnant mothers especially of younger ages on the need to utilize maternal health services including ANC so as to achieve WHO minimum requirement of number of visits on ANC and reducing maternal mortality under SDG 3 and 5.Item Assessing the effect of curricula variation in mathematics teacher education on teaching competency(Journal of Research and Development (MJRD), 2023) Kihwele, Jimmy E. ; Mgata, FredCurriculum development processes at universities are decentralized, resulting in varying subject-matter mastery levels among graduates. The paper examined the effect of teacher education curricula variation on mathematics teachers’ competencies. The study employed a case study design with 18 mathematics teacher graduates from nine teacher education institutions working in the Manyara region. The study used in-depth interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and documentary review methods to collect data. The findings revealed that despite mathematics teachers’ mastery of the subject matter, their competence slightly varied in some topics. There are mismatches between courses at different universities and topics in secondary schools that affect teaching competencies among teachers. Decentralized curriculum development at teacher training institutions results in dissonant curricula that produce different qualities in teachers. Despite various capacity-building mechanisms, teachers inadequately elevate their competencies. The study recommends the development of compulsory modules across teacher education institutions to reflect secondary curriculum requirements