Dissertation (Masters)

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The contribution of tourism on poverty reduction at Northern Region in Unguja: A case of pro poor tourism at Kiwengwa- Pongwe Village
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Abdalla, Said Faraji
This study assessed the Contribution of Tourism on Poverty Reduction at Northern region in Unguja; A case of pro poor tourism at Kiwengwa- Pongwe village. The study used the cross sectional data of 91 samples population of households from all Shehias of Kiwengwa-Pongwe. The data analyzed by using SPSS and STATA softwares. The results showed that the most economic activities, by which the local community had been engaged for employments, were employments from the tourism related activities which were about 46.2 percent equivalent to 86.8 percent of total income accrued by the households from that sector. The market chain for the development of livehood of local community in that area the results have shown that about 73.6 percent were access the market for their sea products, the market for local spices to tourists were about 17.6, the market for selling handcrafts were 5.5 percent and only remaining 3.3 per cent were the market for their agriculture products. In other hand the impact of the tourism sector on the growth of other services about the 73.6 per cent of respondents have denoted that the massive flow of the tourism investors in that area have influenced the economic and social transformation in that areas. It was found that about 57.1 percent of the local entrepreneurs got their initial capital from the support of pro poor projects in that areas and only 42.9 percent of local entrepreneurs got their initial capital from their own means of business formulation. It was found that 47.3 percent reported that tourism have more significance on employment opportunities, about 36.3 percent said tourism have significance on development of infrastructure, 12.1 percent said tourism have significance on improvement of the social services and only 4.4 percent said tourism have significance on growth of other sectors. In conclusion there is a need for the government of Zanzibar to address the special policy which will enhance the role of local community on the development of tourism activities .The establishment of that policy should be well organized, documented and implemented. The study also has recognized that the government of Zanzibar should have the decentralization policy that will promote and enhance the pro poor benefits from the income collected by the local government on entire area in order to improve the local community development.
Agricultural financing initiatives in developing countries: Can microfinance fill The gap? The case of Iringa Rural district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Munuo, Catherine
Developing country, are suffering from financial shortage in almost all economic sectors particularly in agriculture sector. The initiatives done by the government and different donor agency to finance the farmers have not been able to cover the costs associated with agricultural activities to farmers. As the result farmers continue using tradition farming and depend on informal financial institutions to cover up their financial costs (Wenner, 2010).The informal institutions charge very high interests and often do not meet the needs of the farmers. For this case, microfinance is considered as noble substitute for informal credit and therefore regarded as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation among the farmers who are economically active but financially constrained (Murdoch & Haley, 2002). This study presents an empirical investigation on this considerable effect of microfinance toward agriculture financial predicament. The general question that guided the study was “Can microfinance fill agriculture financial gap in developing countries" with a particular focus to Iringa rural district in Tanzania. Cross- sectional, primary data from a sample of 188 farmers was analyzed using the binary logistic regression techniques, to see if microfinance can fill agriculture financial gap or not. The study shows that; 17% of the farmers depend on informal institution and those who depend on microfinance are only 9%. The supply of microfinance credit to the farmers is very limited and it’s only 27% of the respondent, who were able to receive the same amount they applied for. Furthermore its only 41% of the whole farmers who managed to finance their agriculture cost. The odds ratio in favour of scale of the farm increases the possibility of covering financial gap as the scale of the farm decreases. Government subsidies have negative impact on possibility of microfinance to fill the financial gap where as microfinance awareness has positive influence on the possibility of microfinance to fill the gap. This study therefore contributes to the understanding of the current situation regarding agriculture finance and fills the unknown knowledge of microfinance contribution toward agriculture financing gap.
Analysis of social -economic factors affecting cashew nut production in Ruangwa District, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mallya,Paschal B.N
The study was concerned with the analysis of socio-economic factors affecting cashew nut production with special reference to Ruangwa District Council. Data collection was through structured questionnaire administered to 200 respondents selected through random sampling technique. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the socio-economic factors that affect production of cashew nuts in Ruangwa District. The study objective was realized through the utilization of the multiple linear regression models since model consisted seven variables, F-test and Z-test were used to test the overall significance of the variables. The main objective in using this technique was to predict the variability of the dependent variable based on its covariance with all the independent variables. The methods of analysis used were descriptive statistics and production function analysis using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) criterion to estimate the parameters of the production function. Econometric techniques were used to estimate the determinants of cashew production. Linear regression analysis using SPSS (16) and STATA (9) software programs were employed for the modeling of cashew nut production as determined by postulated determinants and to assess the relative importance of various variables. Results showed that majority of the farmers were Female engaged in cashew nut production. Cashew nut farming was the main activity as a minimum farm size was 4.125 acres. Results further revealed that farm size (acreage) physical capital, fertilizer, Price, extension services, primary education were positively related to cashew output while labour and secondary education were inversely related. Based on findings, the study recommend that the government should emphasize on following in order to increase the production of cashew nut including: increase of land size for the purpose of increasing marginal productivity, use of fertilizers, provision of credits to farmers and improvement of infrastructures including roads, communication infrastructures and energy
Assessment of village savings and loans associations on household income at Southern Unguja
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Shauri, Khamis A.
This study was interested on income poverty analysis to the community of southern Unguja in which majority of the household members were engaged on Village Savings and Credits Associations groups (VSLA). The primary objective of the study was an assessment of Village Savings and Loans Associations on Household Income at Southern Unguja. Total sample of 217 head of household who are joined with VSLA were selected. The study has provided two conceptual frame, namely total household income and determinants of VSLA’ income. All technical techniques of sample size and determination were carried out. Two hypotheses were formulated; the result of the first hypothesis shown that income from VSLA, livestock, business and casual labour was economically significance at 1 and 5 per cent level. The result of the second hypothesis was very interesting in which the demographic variables had no impact to the VSLA income, the variable size of member who joined with the group and amount of household saving had shown to have impact at 1 per cent significance level. The Gini index shown the society of southern unguja has relative equality.
Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: A Case of Urambo District
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Daimon, Benedicto
This study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.
Relationship between foreign direct investment, exports and economic growth in Tanzania: A time series analysis
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Bomani, Bertha Alfred
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and exports play a significant role in promoting economic growth in many countries. However, empirical studies have not found consistent results, with some literature indicating that FDI and export have adverse impacts to the economy. This study examined long run and causality relationships between FDI, exports and economic growth for Tanzania. The study used time series data for 30 years (1980- 2010) which were obtained from TIC and UNCTAD. By using Johansen test of cointegration, Vector Autoregression model and Granger causality test the study found that there was a single cointegrating vector. The equation was relating FDI and exports (as independent variables) to Economic growth, the dependent variable. Furthermore, there was unidirectional causality relationship with the direction from FDI and exports to GDP growth rate (economic growth). There was also a unidirectional causality with the direction from FDI to exports. Therefore, FDI Granger caused GDP growth rate and exports, while exports Granger caused GDP growth rate only. This further implied that, FDI have a direct and indirect causality to GDP growth rate. This observation necessitated the special consideration for making FDI working for growth. Likewise for total exports which had positive and significant relationship to economic growth. The findings in this study support the export-led growth hypothesis and FDI as the engine for economic growth. For export and FDI to effectively promote growth, the study recommends that policy frameworks and incentive packages should be competitive and vigorous enough.
Contribution of tourism on household’s income in Tanzania: The case of Mto wa Mbu in Arusha region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Igiha, Emmanuel
There are arguments on extensive roles of tourism as regards to improvement of the welfare and living condition of surrounding communities vested on the relationships between tourism and the household’s income. In order to provide critical analysis on the matter, the study focuses on assessing the impact of tourism on household’sincome to communities living adjacent to protected areas by examining the contribution of tourism income to the total household’s income. In so doing, the study examines the effects of tourism on employment and business opportunities in the community and income of the local people at Mto wa Mbu. The study also assesses the contribution of tourism on social services provisions in the community by investigating the supply and employment opportunities and factors that enhance such opportunities. The main focus is on the access of communities on tourism employment, capacity to sell to tourist hotels and lodges and business innovative patterns. The researcher has used both cross-section and longitudinal research designs using the survey and documentary reviews data technique. The survey technique was carried through the established questionnaires and interview guides which were applied to 95 respondents whore were randomly selected through the stratified sampling technique. The community of Mto wa Mbu depends on tourism on their day to day economic activities such as selling their farm produces and artisanal products as well as on employment in lodges, hotels and camps. The findings show that tourism has a significant contribution on household’s income at Mto wa Mbu through provision of farm supplies and employment opportunities which are provided in the industry. The researcher recommends that, the government and other practitioners should increase their efforts on enhancing the community to increase their productivity capacity especially through education in order to increase community awareness and hence productivity.
Analysis of the factors influencing child labour in tobacco farming: The case of Urambo district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Benedicto, Daimon
This study identifies and examines socio-economic factors, which influence child labour in tobacco farming. The study is based on the field survey conducted in Urambo District. Logistic regression modeling was used on a sample of 253 households to determine the influence of education level of parent household, household meals per day, gender, distance from home to school and family parenthood type on children participation in tobacco farming. The study found that the parent’s primary education and secondary education level, number of meals taken per day are strongly significant at 5%, 1%, 5% respectively and positive determinant of child labour in tobacco farming in the district. However, university/college education of parent household, gender and distance from home to school were not significant factors. Moreover, the outcomes of Odd ratio to be greater than one (1) give us some important indications about the future prospects of children participation in tobacco farming. Since the odd ratio of the variables one meal and two meals per day (indication of family wealth) are 6 and 2 respectively are greater than 1 then the odds of not participating in tobacco farming are greater per unit increase in meals taken. Thus, the children living in more wealthy families (three meals per day) are less likely to participate in tobacco farming. Since education odd ratio is less than 1 then the odds of experiencing the characteristic of children participation in tobacco farming is lower for children whose parents have high education level. Based on the findings, the study provides policy recommendations to address the problem of child labour in the area and in other areas facing similar problems.
Contribution of advertising on sales improvement: The case of Zanzibar bottlers limited
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Suleiman, Yahaya S.
This study assessed the contribution of advertising on sales improvement with case study of Zanzibar Bottlers Limited. By using descriptive case study a representative sample of 70 respondents was obtained from the population of 435. The methods of data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by using questionnaire, interview guide, documentary sources, and observation. Whereas documentary review was used in secondary method. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, MS excel and simple calculations by calculator were used to analyze the data where simple frequencies and percentages were created. The findings revealed that advertising contribute much on sales improvement where by 88 percent of the respondents said informative advertising affect sales of ZBL, 80 percent said remaindering advertising affect sales improvement and 64 percent have replied that persuasive advertising affect sales improvement. The researcher therefore calls for the administration of ZBL to pay attention on advertising strategies for the sake of embracing market share, goodwill, profitability as well as sales of the company
Determinants of export performance in Tanzania.
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Rwenyagila, Geofrey A.
Tanzanian economy is characterized by a large traditional rural sector and a small modern urban sector. Agriculture, accounts for about half of GDP, it contributes about 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. However in the recent years tourism and mining have become the largest foreign exchange earners. Statistics show that the value of traditional exports remained minimal compared to nontraditional exports, whereby the value of non-traditional exports were US$ 2,270.6 million and US$ 1,704.5 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively, representing to an increase of 28.8 percent (Economic Survey, 2008). On the other hand the value of traditional exports were USD 319.7 million and USD 418.4 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively (URT, 2008). This study examined factors affecting export performance in Tanzania using a time series data for the period between 1990 and 2009. Specifically, the study analyzed the influence of macroeconomic factors such as Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, inflation rate, real exchange rate and terms of trade. The main proposition of the study was that macroeconomic factors significantly influence export performance. In testing this proposition, three regression models were estimated for total export, traditional exports and non-traditional exports. Empirical results and analysis indicated that real exchange rate and foreign direct investment were significant to export performance in all sectors that is total export, traditional and nontraditional exports. Gross Domestic Product was also found significant in all sectors except traditional sector. However, Inflation Rate and Terms of Trade were found significant determinants to total export and traditional exports. The same variables were found insignificant to nontraditional exports. The study concludes with a recommendation to improve export performances for both traditional and nontraditional exports, as well as to diversify export base of the country by formulating good trade policy, attract more Foreign Direct Investment, improve infrastructure and create good business environment.
Assessment of the factors that affect the performance of small and medium enterprises (SME’S) : A case study of hair cutting and beauty salons in Dar-es salaam Region
(Mzumbe University., 2013) Kifaru, George J.
The aim of this research was to assess the Factors affecting the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s). The research is a cross-section research design employing the use of questionnaires. The research was conducted in Dar es Salaam regional in Tanzania, covering 110 small and micro-enterprises. The hypothesis was level of education of business owners and management experiences have a positive relationship with a enterprise’s performance except one variable, power shortage, that has a negative relationship. The results obtained show the existence of a positive correlation between variables. Although theoretically, power shortage has negative correlation with enterprise’s performance in this study the scenario is caused by the following factors that most of the salons now days are using other source of energy like solar and generators. So when the national grid goes off, the ventures shift to other sources and the one which don’t have other source of energy are closed up and customers go to those which have energy. Not only that, but also many saloons which are near the industrial areas and factories receive many customers during this time because people who are working in those industries and factories are out of their working area when national grid goes off so they get ample time for other activities near their working area. It shows that at that time they go out for hair cutting and dressing in salons which have other source of electricity. From the discussions with the owners and workers of the salons the researcher found that not only the mentioned and discussed factors affect the performance of small and medium enterprises, there are other factors which can be categorized as internal and external factors which other researchers can study in this areas
Contribution of own sources revenue collections to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal councils
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masogo, Masore Mwerya
This study was based on the contibution of ownsources revenue collection to the implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal Councils (Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni). Councils revenue collection and expenditure time series secondary data from 2003 to 2012 collected quarterly were used, whereby Ordinary Least square method was used to estimate the model. Overall results by using F-test shows p(0.0000) and it is statistically significant by 1%, this implies ownsources revenue collections have an impact on implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. Despite of that significancy, still there was some variable which did not satisfy all conditions of significance. Variable like funds collected from sales of municipal properties did not show linear relationship to implementation of development projects, but all the remaining variables were statistically significant and linearly related to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. These result will help decision makers to make appropriate policies and decision on how to emphasize and concentrate more on ownsources revenue collection. This also will help many Local Government Authorities to identify more sources of income which can rise their revenue and set a clear demarcation of some amount of funds to be spent for implementation of development projects, rather than spent on everyday expenses (Recurrent expenditures).
The success of personal records keeping by Mafiga secondary school employees in Morogoro municipality
(2013) Obely, Shadrack
The focus of this report was to examine how employees keep their personal records in the public sector. The study involved the respondents from Mafiga Secondary School, Municipal Education Officer and District executive officer. Personal records keeping by public servants are a common phenomenon in developing countries. It is a well-recognized fact that records keeping are the source of information which helps administrator to reach in a certain decision in all matters of pension benefits, promotion and retention. This study had the objectives of finding out how employees in public institutions had succeeded in keeping their personal records. This investigation was a case study design which used one School in Morogoro Municipal as a study area while the population of the study included Teachers from Mafinga Secondary School and officers from Morogoro Municipality. Research results have shown that personal record is of great important and it’s the responsibility of each new employees in public working to keep personal records for future references and as policy requirements, despite existence of effort of government to come up with policies, labour Acts and employment Acts towards improving personnel records in public services, despite all these effort from the government personnel records has remained inferior. This state of affairs has continuously picked up the space towards loss of personnel documents and delay of payment of retired benefits and poor delivery of services in public services. The study recommended several measures to be taken in order to improve. These recommendations are provision of on working training, rising of awareness’ of the employees on importance of keeping personal records. If these recommendation will be effectively and concurrently implemented will improve the services delivery to the employees due to availability of right records which are kept by employees themselves.
Socio-economic factors affecting smallholder sunflower production in Mvomero District, Morogoro Region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Godfrey, Tuntufye
Sunflower is one of the new crops in Tanzania that has high contribution to farmers to food and income of farmers. It is one of the biggest sources of fats, protein, carbohydrates and vitamins for human consumption. The crop is also the source of human nutritious minerals,as well as other manufactured animal feeds. Despite the cited overall importance of the crop amongst smallholder farmers in the country, the factors determining its yield are less understood. The aim of this study was to investigate socio-economic factors affecting smallholder sunflower production. The study was conducted in Mlali ward in Mvomero District in Morogoro region. A total of 50 smallholder sunflower growers was surveyed using questionnaire. A multiple regression analysis was used to estimate and test the relationship between socio-economic factors and sunflower production. The results revealed that the sex of the farmer, size of the farm cultivated by the farmer and use of quality seeds were statistically significant factors affecting the production of the crop in the study area. It is concluded that smallholder sunflower farming sector has high contribution to meet the demand of edible oil, contribute to income of households and used as source of animal feed in the study area. In order to achieve all these, government initiative to provide farmers with adequate subsidies on agricultural inputs and increasing provision of extension officers to assist farmers on proper agronomic practices must be adhered to so as to address the declining farm production being experienced by smallholder farmers in Mlali ward.
Contribution of own sources revenue collections to implementation of development projects in Dar Es Salaam Municipal councils: 2003(I) – 2012(Iv)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masogo, Masore M.
This study was based on the contibution of ownsources revenue collection to the implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam Municipal Councils (Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni). Councils revenue collection and expenditure time series secondary data from 2003 to 2012 collected quarterly were used, where by Ordinary Least square method was used to estimate the model. Overall results by using F-test shows p(0.0000) and it is statistically significant by 1%, this implies ownsources revenue collections have an impact on implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. Despite of that significancy, still there was some variable which did not satisfy all conditions of significance. Variable like funds collected from sales of municipal properties did not show linear relationship to implementation of development projects, but all the remaining variables were statisticaly significant and linearly related to implementation of development projects in Dar es salaam municipal councils. These result will help decision makers to make appropriate policies and decision on how to emphasize and concetrate more on ownsources revenue collection. This also will help many Local Government Authorities to identify more sources of income which can rise their revenue and set a clear demarcation of some amount of funds to be spent for implementation of development projects, rather than spent on everyday expences (Recurrent expenditures).
Determinants of export performance in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Rwenyagila, Geofrey A.
Tanzanian economy is characterized by a large traditional rural sector and a small modern urban sector. Agriculture, accounts for about half of GDP, it contributes about 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. However in the recent years tourism and mining have become the largest foreign exchange earners. Statistics show that the value of traditional exports remained minimal compared to nontraditional exports, whereby the value of non-traditional exports were US$ 2,270.6 million and US$ 1,704.5 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively, representing to an increase of 28.8 percent (Economic Survey, 2008). On the other hand the value of traditional exports were USD 319.7 million and USD 418.4 million in 2008 and 2007 respectively (URT, 2008). This study examined factors affecting export performance in Tanzania using a time series data for the period between 1990 and 2009. Specifically, the study analyzed the influence of macroeconomic factors such as Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, inflation rate, real exchange rate and terms of trade. The main proposition of the study was that macroeconomic factors significantly influence export performance. In testing this proposition, three regression models were estimated for total export, traditional exports and non-traditional exports. Empirical results and analysis indicated that real exchange rate and foreign direct investment were significant to export performance in all sectors that is total export, traditional and nontraditional exports. Gross Domestic Product was also found significant in all sectors except traditional sector. However, Inflation Rate and Terms of Trade were found significant determinants to total export and traditional exports. The same variables were found insignificant to nontraditional exports. The study concludes with a recommendation to improve export performances for both traditional and nontraditional exports, as well as to diversify export base of the country by formulating good trade policy, attract more Foreign Direct Investment, improve infrastructure and create good business environment.
Economic institutions that influence women investment return in Zanzibar
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Ame, Mtumwa Haji
Women nowadays are engaged in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises as a source of income generation and employment. However, the return does not grow significantly; due to a number of factors including existence of economic institutions that affect their performance. This study centered on examining the economic institutions that influence women investment returns in Urban District of Zanzibar. Interviews, focus group discussion, questionnaires, survey, and documentary reviews were methods employed to collect information of the study. Primary data of 105 women investors was used. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze both quantitative and qualitative data and Multiple Linear Regression of Model of Ordinary Least Square was used to find out the relationship between the variable. The findings show that there is a statistical significance relationship between economic institutions i.e Institution 1 (1)= interest rate, Institutions 2 (I2) = accessibility of the market and institution 3 = entrepreneurs behavior. Other institutions are Institution 4 (I4) = access to credit and institution 5 (I5)= level of education. The study recommends the need for promotion of provide gender equality in Zanzibar. This can be done by promoting this in schools, colleges, and universities. Furthermore, the study recommends the need to educate husbands, fathers, and brothers on the importance of allowing their wives, sisters, and daughters to market. At the same time to establish a policy that guides women in the reduction of family responsibility because of their importance in the economy. However, microfinance institutions must be responsible to provide education on business skills meanwhile women must be encouraged to attend these seminars. Micro financial institutions like WEDTEF, SACCOSS and PRIDE need to reduce constrain on women investors who request for loans given that they understand to need for repaying the loan. With such strategies, women will continue applying for more loans and repay those loans to leverage their capital to run their business efficiently.
Constraints to growth of small and medium enterprises in Zanzibar: The case of urban west region
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Hassan, Zena M.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are very important to the Zanzibar economic growth and hence, the need to ensure that SMEs grow sustainably cannot be over emphasized. At present, however, SMEs growth rate is still limited due to a number of factors that act as the barriers to its growth. This study empirically examined the constraints to SMEs Growth. A survey of 70 small firms was carried out to firms in services, food processing, and agriculture and tourism sectors in Urban West Region of Unguja. The Principal Component Analysis was used to determine dominant constraints, of which five constraints were identified. These include lack of entrepreneur skill, unfavorable government regulations, lack of access to finance, lack of access to power supply, and unreliable of water supply. The constraints were analyzed further to determine the extent to which the identified constraints actually hinder SMEs growth. In this, a logistic regression model was estimated. The result of the analysis shows that unfavourable government regulations and unreliable utility supply (power) significantly hinder SME growth in Zanzibar. Therefore, this study argues that weaknesses and lack of government policy and inadequate provision of power supply do not meet requirements of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) growth. The non government organization supported by central government should provide education concerns with business skills at the same time entrepreneurs should be ready to attend seminars on how to run their business, institutions finance should regulate and reduce constrain on SMEs so as smoothing take a loan . To overcome these obstacles, various measures are suggested include appropriate policies that create conducive environment toward SMEs growth. The study concludes with a discussion of policy implications and areas for further research.
Determinants of interest rate spread in commercial banks: A case study of selected local and foreign banks in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Aikoh, Kenedy J.
The behaviour of interest rate spread in Tanzania for a very long period of time has been strong, high and persistently showing little signs of narrowing. When compared with other East African countries, the interest rate spread in Tanzania seems to be the highest. It is this persistent and low narrowing trend of the interest rate spread which gave rise to the need of studying the factors which cause high interest rate spread in commercial banks in Tanzania. The overall objective of this study was to identify the Determinant of interest rate spread in commercial banks in Tanzania and compare the interest rate spread between the selected banks. The determinants were ascertained from a review of previous literatures. Related parameters from the selected determinants were studied for the chosen banks for the period between 2006 and 2012, a period after adoption of market determined interest rate regime. The study based on the secondary data from 28 quarters of published quarterly reports of the selected commercial banks and Bank of Tanzania quarterly economic bulletin publications. Multiple regressions were applied to establish relationship between the dependent variable, interest rate spread and the chosen independent variables which were non-interest income, provision for loan losses, non-performing loans, non-interest expenses, gross domestic product rate, treasury bills rate and inflation. The results from the study indicate that the key determinants of interest rate spread for the selected commercial banks are the treasury bills rate, TBillrate; Real GDP rate, Non-interest income, NII; Provision for loan losses, PLL and Non-performing loans, NPL. The results also show that the interest rate spread for the selected local commercial bank is higher than that of the selected foreign commercial bank. The policy implication from the study is that the high responsiveness of commercial banks spread to the treasury bills and real GDP rate needs to be regulated. This study can be extended by exploring the impact of financial sector development on interest rate spreads in commercial banking system.
Contribution of women entrepreneurs to the performance of entrepreneurship: A case study of Arusha District Council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mshana,Josephine H.
The aim of this research was to find out the contribution of women entrepreneurs to the performance of entrepreneurship was conducted in Arusha District council. The objectives of the study were to identify factors that contribute women engage in entrepreneurship, to identify the contribution of women entrepreneurs to the performance of entrepreneurship, and to identify benefit obtained by women entrepreneurs. Data was collected from 76 respondents. Questionnaire, in-depth interview and observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The study found that social background, unemployment self employment, and expand income are the major factors that contributing women to engaging in entrepreneurship activities. It was further noted that majority of women prefer to be self employed in order to get enough time to spend with their children. Furthermore expand income is another factor enhancing women to engaging in entrepreneurship activities. Factors which contribute to the performance of entrepreneurship include employment opportunities, poverty reduction, women population numbers, networking, source of start-up funds, women population number. More ever in the study researcher observed that benefit obtained by women entrepreneurs are economic, expand business, trust gained from financial institutions, other benefit women entrepreneur get was to prohibit bud behavior ,personal saving and women entrepreneurs they provide basic needs to their family.