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Classroom support for students’ digital literacy skills for learning in Tanzania’s public universities
(Development in Practice, 2022) Nalaila, Stephano ; Wawire, Violet; Mugo, Peter G.P
This paper explores classroom support for students’ acquisition of digital literacy skills for learning at the University of Dar es Salaam and Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania. The paper contains qualitative data collected through questionnaires and informal discussions. The study found limited classroom support for students’ digital literacy skills for learning because instructors are not prepared for it. Teaching activities that instructors implement do not reflect the attributes of digital literacy skills students should possess. Therefore, the paper challenges universities to mainstream students’ digital literacy skills and train instructors to assume the skills support role
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Factors influencing management of procurement records in Tanzania: A survey of selected procuring entities
(Mzumbe University) Mohamed, B.M
The assessment of international conventions and municipal laws in relation to the protection of coastal environment: The case of Dar es salaam Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 0201) Nsemwa, Christopher Elly
This research deals with the assessment of international instruments and municipal laws present in Tanzania, to determine the extent of their contribution to protection of the coastal zone environment. The rationale behind this study came from the fact that the Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania 1977 (as amended) has not addressed enough the aspect of environment, likewise the Environment Management Act of 2004 has not addressed in precise terms the coastal zone management despite making it an offence for anyone to pollute environment. The study involved both, the library and field research. The researcher employed two techniques namely purposive and snowball sampling whereby the former type of sampling procedure enabled the researcher to get data from prominent respondents. While the later were applied to few selected experts as well as those with sufficient experience. The targeted population included 2 legal officers from the Office of Vice President, Environmental Division; 2 Officials from The National Environmental Council: 7 Lawyers from various NGOs: 10 Fishermen: and 5 different people: The work has five chapters and each chapter deals with a specific topic. The first chapter introduces the research and it deals with the background, statement of the problem and literature review among others. The second chapter is conceptual framework, in which some concepts regarding coastal environment have been covered. Chapter three looks into the legal and institutional framework. Findings are under chapter four. The last chapter is about the summary, conclusion and recommendations. The study shows that there are various causes of destruction of the coastal environment. The notable are poverty, lack of environment education: corruptions, and poor planning on the part of the government. Also the study shows that the present legal regime in Tanzania has not addressed in precise terms the management of the coastal zone environment, therefore the researcher proposes, the establishment of national and international law specifically to address and protect the coastal zone environment.
Rural-out migration as a livelihood diversification strategy to rural households: A study of Makete and Iringa Rural districts, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 0201) Rwechungura, Fred Alfred
This study assessed whether rural-out migration as a livelihood strategy enhanced livelihoods of rural households in Iringa region. The objectives were, to establish how dependent households were on diversified livelihood portfolios, what the determinants for rural-out migration were, and outcomes of rural-out migration and remittances from it to household assets. The study used cross-sectional data involving 272 migrant and non-migrant households. Findings revealed that out of 272 households, 93(34%) had out-migrants. Additionally, all 272 households were dependent on diversified livelihood portfolios, with agriculture dominating, followed by non-farm activities. However, in ranking these portfolios, migration came eighth out of nine listed activities, suggesting it was not a valued source of livelihood. At household level, the following variables were significant and positively associated with rural-out migration: household size, age of household head, and the marital status of head of household. At societal level, lack of job opportunities such as non-farm self-employment, casual labour, and working in enterprises; and poor or lack of infrastructures and /or utilities such as water dams, irrigation schemes, electricity, and markets/market places accounted for rural-out migration. On the outcomes of migration to the households’ assets, migration did not have any significance to the households; instead it had more detrimental outcomes, including withdrawal of productive human resource from community; family abandonment; erosion of morals; spread of HIV/AIDS; increasing number of vulnerable children; and school drop-out. The main conclusion from these findings is that unlike what many studies had found (in other countries), out-migration did not have better outcomes to the livelihoods of rural households in the studied districts. The policy implication of these findings is that unless rural livelihood is improved, rural-out migration will continue, as rural dwellers continue searching for ‘greener pastures.’ As this continues, poverty is perpetuated. Consequently, not only will this affect urban and other economically vibrant areas where migrants continue flocking to by saturating these destinations’ capacity to handle the migrants, but it will also affect poor rural areas negatively by draining their energetic and productive human resource. On this basis, the need to promote rural livelihood diversification by breaking the cycle of poverty through development of correct policies on human capital, infrastructure and utilities, credit provision, and enabling environments for grassroots initiatives is imperative. Likewise, adopting social protection approach, market-based approach, labour union approach, and rehabilitation approach could be steps in the right direction towards addressing problems associated with rural-out migration.
Analysis of local dairy value chain for smallholder pastoralists in Simanjiro district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 0201) Sumuni, Catholic
The study aimed at analysis of local dairy value chain for smallholder pastoralists. The first objective was to identify the structure of local diary value chain and key actors’ roles. This study found that, the local dairy value chain in Simanjiro consist five (5) distinct stages, namely; input supply, milk production, trading, processing and consumption. The main actors in the dairy value chain were input suppliers, milk producers, milk traders, milk processors and milk consumers. The second objective was to explore chain strategies developed by chain actors in market milking. Results showed that; actors’ chain-strategies developed were; contractual agreement between pastoralists and milk buyers, actors often attending trainings on milk marketing, and pastoralists’ collective actions whereby benefits are accrued by being member of milk marketing groups. Third objective was to identify business challenges facing local dairy value chain actors in the study area. Findings revealed that, challenges identified to exist were; Seasonal fluctuations in milk availability, Livestock diseases, lack/few market channels for milk and milk products, poor cold chain infrastructures, facility breakdowns, quality aspects and low capacity of existing processing units. The conclusions attained through findings discussion recommended the following; Sensitize value chain concept as an economic tool to develop milk and milk products value chain, Improving efforts of milk producers on milk production and livestock management, and improvement of existing small scale milk processing units.
Assessment of the determinants towards inventory control performance in public hospitals in Tanzania: A case of selected public hospitals in Dar es Salaam region
(Mzumbe University, 0201) Shadrack, Judith
This dissertation was about to analyze the determinants towards inventory control performance in public hospitals in Tanzania. The specific objectives were to examine medical stock storage systems for hospitals and their influence on inventory control performance, to assess the effect of staff competence on inventory control performance, and to establish the suppliers’ influence on performance of inventory control. The study was conducted in selected public hospitals located in Dar es Salaam region. From the population of 198 a sample of 99 respondents was obtained. The methods of data collection were questionnaire and interviews the selection techniques of the respondents were purposive sampling and simple random sampling. This study involved mixed strategies which were qualitative and quantitative analysis .From the study, it was observed that the engagement of medical stock storage system which influence inventory control performance were storage location, size of warehouse, warehouse layout. Due to analysis, the researcher found that medical storage systems have significantly influence on inventory control performance. However, the analysis showed that training for incoming employees and development for existing employees are important to any organization. The suppliers which brought about influence on inventory control were capability, and delivery influence. The analysis showed suppliers have insignificantly influence on inventory control performance. The recommendations are management should make sure that they have competent staff and develop them who are in-house so as to help in the running of the system. The public hospital and other organization should take an action to improve communication and information system to assist in monitoring of inventory especially between vendors and public hospitals. Also, Organizations should allow their employees to attend training provided by PSPTB so as to improves their staff professionalism and hence obtain value for money
Dola
(Research and Publications Committee, 1991) B. F. Mrina
“Dola” ni kitabu muhimu kwa wanachuo wa ngazi zote, hasa wale wenye nia na shauku ya kufahamu jinsi chombo hiki dola kilivyoibuka, kinavyofanya kazi na kinavyotuathiri sisi wote.
Elements of money and banking: With reference to the Tanzanian economy
(Research, Information and Publication Department, 2000) E.J.M. Wiketye
The book is divided into six parts and sixteen chapters. Part I consists of chapters one to four. Chapter one provides an introduction to essentials of money and banking. This is followed by Chapter Two which outlines the historical development of money and banking. Chapter Three outlines the general attributes of money. Specifically, the chapter concentrates on the definition and functions of money. The demand for money is the subject matter of Chapter Four. Here, the meaning of "holding money" is discussed, followed by a general formulation of the Demand for Money. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of theories of the demand for money. Specifically, the quantity theory (old and new) and the Keynesian theory are investigated. Part II is about monetary theory. It consists of Chapter Five and Six Chapter Five outlines the basic monetary propositions. Chapter Six analyses the expenditures, incomes and prices. The chapter starts the analysis from the demand (expenditure) side of the economy, and then looks at the supply side. It ends with an examination of monetary and fiscal policies. Part III deals with Commercial and Central Banking. Chapter Seven provides the theoretical basis of commercial banking in a simplified single bank-model. Chapter Eight looks at the structure of commercial banking in Tanzania in a historical perspective. Chapter Nine looks at the concept of central banking. First, the evolution and functions of central banking are examined. Then the chapter ends up looking at the concept of monetary policy. Chapter Ten examines central banking in Tanzania, with specific reference to the historical development of the Bank of Tanzania. By Part IV looks at non-bank financial intermediaries. This part consists of chapters eleven and twelve. Chapter Eleven looks at financial intermediation in a theoretical perspective. Specifically the chapter examines the functions of financial markets and the role of financial intermediaries. Chapter Twelve outlines the financial intermediation in Tanzania. Essentially, it looks at the major financial institutions in the country. Part V deals with money and the economy. It consists of two chapters. Chapter thirteen looks at monetary expansion and inflation. The chapter treats both long-run and short-run implications of monetary expansion. Chapter Fourteen gives a brief account of the Post-World War II inflation process. Specifically, the chapter looks at the concept of "creeping" inflation and also looks at some measures to control inflation. Part VI looks at the international scene. In Chapter Fifteen the concept of balance of payments, in a simplified manner, is examined in relation to (i) fixed exchange rate systems and (ii) floating exchange rate systems. Then Chapter Sixteen looks at the international financial crisis and the collapse of Fixed Exchange Rate System. The chapter starts with a brief outline of the so-called gold-standard system and ends up with an examination of the Bretton Woods System and why it collapsed. Each chapter except the introductory chapter ends up with one or more discussion questions.
The burden of proof: How to defend yourself in criminal cases
(Research and Publications Department, 2000) Massawe, Aloys. A. F.
The book covers three interrelated areas of law which a person would require to grasp when entering an appearance before the court of law. The areas at hand are criminal law principles, evidence and legal skills. First, the book addresses areas of criminal law upon which liability in criminal matters is fundamentally determined. In this vein, defences (general and specific) are also covered. Second, hand in hand with criminal law principles are rules of evidence, which have been given a concise but thorough treatment. Finally, the author provides techniques for handling prosecution matters. He illustrates methods or trial tactics (chapter 14) which may be adapted to any kind of case, and this aspect amplifies the importance of this book to learners of law. The skills are explained by analysis and illustrated by examples. The reader will find that in this way rules of self-defence become clear and that way potentially serious mistakes can be avoided.
Mathematical programming formulations for the examinations timetable problem: The case of the University of Dar es Salaam
(African Journal of Science and Technology, 2004) Mushi, Allen R.
Examinations Timetabling Problem (ETP) is the problem of assigning courses to be examined and candidates to time periods and examination rooms while satisfying a set of constraints. Every University has a different set of constraints and structure of examinations. Thus there is no general ETP model for all Universities around the world [1]. ETP is NP-Hard [2] and therefore no optimal algorithm is known for this problem which can solve a general problem within reasonable time. However, exact methods can be used to provide a benchmark for the heuristic methods. There is no general model for University Timetabling Problems because the problem feature differs from one University to another. In this paper we focus in the formulation of the ETP for the University of Dar as salaam. We formulate, test and compare three Integer Programming models. It is concluded that, although exact methods cannot give a solution to a real-size problem, these models give a good benchmark for testing the performance of other approaches. This paper also gives a direction for better exact models for the University of Dar es salaam’s ETP.
Selected topics in human resource management
(Mzumbe University, 2004) Gellejah, Sabina P.M.
The learning experiences of batik and tie and dye small-scale exporters in Arusha and Dar es salaam, Tanzania
(African Clothing and Footwear Research Network, 2005) Rasheli, G. A; Mosha, Goodluck E.
This study used the Learning Organization theoretical framework. It aimed at looking at how tie and dye and batik entrepreneurs are learning to export their products in both regional and international markets. The units of enquiry in this qualitative research were small-scale batik and tie and dye garment producers as well as firms involved in production and export. Arusha and Dar es Salaam were selected as areas of study because of their activeness in batik and tie and dye business. Seven cases from each town were selected with the snowballing technique being used, where one respondent was asked to identify the other. Primary data was collected for analysis using a structured interview guide. The results showed that the more experienced entrepreneurs learn how to export more than the relatively inexperienced ones, and there were more women entrepreneurs than men. That exporting had more children and dependents than those who sold locally. They learn e d to export to g e t m o re income to support their families. The impact of education was not clear as entrepreneurs with different levels are involved in export. Most export to the East African region. Entrepreneurs learn to export by participating in exhibitions, promoting their business, dealing with intermediaries and training received in their former jobs, including UNIDO, SIDO, ADAT, Tabata Development Fund and Anglican Development Agency. They also learn through work experience, networking, export procedures, business employees and also through solving customers’ complaints. Local authorities in areas where the batik business is active should help in training these people on marketing especially regionally and internationally. NGOs dealing with entrepreneurship should focus their training on marketing issues instead of dealing with production only. Since the study is a qualitative one with a small sample, a further survey is needed to quantify the results to make more general conclusions.
Research for development: The importance of a learning resource (Library) for building up a modenn University
(Library Cooperation Cluster, 2005)
The conference focused on the critical role of learning resources, particularly university libraries, in the development of a modern university. It was jointly organised by Mzumbe University and Adger University College, Kristiansand, and held at Whitesands Hotel, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The event brought together participants and experts from Tanzania and Norway to discuss key themes related to library and information services in higher education. The main outcomes of the conference highlighted the importance of resource sharing and institutional collaboration; the evolving role of university libraries in the era of information explosion and technological advancement; the development of electronic resource-sharing networks; and the management of university libraries in the digital age. Other discussions centred on the implementation of information literacy programmes, the relationship between internet access and poverty reduction, IT adoption in Tanzanian educational institutions, and the role of information technology in national development.
Macroeconomics : A problem and solution guide
(Mzumbe University, 2005) Kamuzora, Faustin
The idea to compile this manual came out of my over ten years of experience teaching the first-year microeconomics (ECO 101) course at the former Institute of Development Management (IDM) and later at Mzumbe University. Though I had IDM/Mzumbe University students in mind, I later found that it was necessary to compile a manual that would suit first and second-year students studying macroeconomics at any institution of higher learning in East Africa and elsewhere. The primary aim of this manual, therefore, is to assist the students studying macroeconomics for the first time on how to attempt macroeconomics questions. Macroeconomics questions can be solved using mathematical, graphical and descriptive approaches, all of which have been utilised in this manual. Moreover, the suggested solutions to the question provide summarised information on macroeconomics, which in other books could be too lengthy to read and comprehend. In order to make the content of this manual easily discerned, many problems and solutions use local examples. Even though the content of this manual mostly covers the syllabus for the macroeconomics course offered in many institutions of higher learning, the contents are quite relevant to other readers may including students in institutions of higher learning who do not study macroeconomics, as well as the general public. The author believes that every individual needs to grapple with basic issues of macroeconomics since they affect everyone. Everyone pays taxes and is affected by the effects of inflation in various ways; thus, macroeconomic issues touch everyone's livelihood. Macroeconomics issues are presented in a simplified format to be understood by as many readers as possible. The manual is organised in six chapters, each with several sections as follows: Chapter One: National Economy and National Income Analysis; Chapter Two: Money and Banking; Chapter Three: Inflation; Chapter Four: Public Finance; Chapter Five: Business Cycles; and Chapter Six: International Trade and Balance of Payments. Finally, a list of bibliography is included at the end of the manual for those who would like to explore more on any microeconomics issues raised in this text. In a similar vein, a detailed index of keywords is provided to ensure that a reader can quickly turn to the appropriate page(s) to look for an appropriate keyword of interest.
Tabu search heuristic for university course timetabling problem
(African Journal of Science and Technology, 2006) Mushi, Allen R.
In this study we have addressed the NP-Hard problem of academic course timetabling. This is the problem of assigning resources such as lecturers, rooms and courses to a fixed time period normally a week, while satisfying a number of problem-specific constraints. This paper describes a Tabu Search algorithm that creates timetables by heuristically minimizing penalties over infeasibilities. The algorithm is developed with special focus on the University of Dar-assalaam and compares the results with a previous manually generated timetable. It has been found that, the Tabu Search technique gives better results given a careful selection of parameters.
Use of chicken manure extract for biostimulation and enhancement of perchlorate rhizodegradation in soil and water media
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2007) Mwegoha, William J. S.; Mbuya, Odemari S.; Jai, Amita; Ugochukwu, Ngozi H.; Abazinge, Michael D.
The influence of biostimulation using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on rhizodegradation of perchlorate and plant uptake was studied under greenhouse conditions using soil and hydroponic bioreactors. One set of bioreactors planted with willow (Salix babylonica) plants was spiked with 300 mg L−1 DOC in the form of chicken manure extract, whereas a second set was not treated with DOC. A similar experiment without willow plants was run in parallel to the planted bioreactors. The planted soil bioreactors amended with DOC reduced perchlorate from 65.85 to 2.67 mg L−1 in 21 days for humic soil (95.95% removal) and from 68.99 to 0.06 mg L− 1 for sandy loam (99.91% removal) in 11 days. Nonplanted DOC treated soil bioreactors achieved complete perchlorate removal in 6 and 8 days for humic and sandy loam, respectively. Both planted and nonplanted soil bioreactors without DOC removed > 95% perchlorate within 8 days. Planted soil bioreactors respiked with perchlorate reduced perchlorate to nondetectable levels in 6 days. Hydroponics experiment amended with DOC reduced perchlorate from approximately 100 mg L− 1 to nondetectable levels within 7 to 9 days. Hydroponic bioreactors without DOC had low perchlorate removal rates, achieving 30% removal in 42 days. Leaf samples from sandy loam soil bioreactors without DOC had four times perchlorate phytoaccumulation than the DOC-treated plants. Similar results were obtained with the nonplanted bioreactors. Persistence of perchlorate in solution of planted hydroponic bioreactors without DOC amendment suggested that natural DOC from the plant exudates was not enough to biostimulate perchlorate reducing microbes. The hydroponic bioreactor study provided evidence that DOC is a limiting factor in the rhizodegradation of perchlorate.
Examining factors prompting microfinance clients’ dropout : The case of SEDA and PTF in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania
(Agder University College Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences in collaboration with United Nations University, 2007) Karama, George Bea
This study examines factors prompting clients’ dropout in two microfinance institutions: SEDA and PTF in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania. The study used the sample of about 136 respondents, where 68 respondents came from each institution. The sample was composed of various subgroups of clients such as men and women, current clients and dropouts, old and young clients. The sample was selected using the stratified purposeful sampling procedure. Data were collected using one main method (semi-structured interview) which was supplemented by document analysis. The study has grouped dropout factors under six categories: organization, business, personal, family, group and competitive factors. These factors were also grouped into two main categories, which are, adverse push factors and promising pull factors using the ideas from the theoretical framework and the Lee’s push and pull theory adopted in this study. The results of the study shows that major factors which had prompted clients’ dropout at SEDA and PTF are organization factors followed by other lesser factors under business, personal, family, group and competitive factors as presented in descending order in Chapter Four. Some of the major organizational factors which had prompted the dropout of clients at SEDA and PTF are: delay in loan disbursement, inaccessible savings, high interest rates, lack of clients care, short repayment period, deducting clients loans, dislike of repayment pressures, problems with group loans, savings do not get interest, weekly repayments, wastage of time in repayment meetings, short repayment period, lack of insurance services, factors related to credit officers, small starting loans, lack of flexibility in loan repayment and lack of training to new replacement clients. The lesser factors under business category which have affected clients’ businesses are: cholera outbreak, rift valley fever, relocation of people from Saba Saba market, seasonality factor, flood, power rationing, fire, theft and selling on credit. Factors under personal category are: multiple loans, misallocation of loan fund, resting, transfer/migration, sickness, pregnancy/giving birth, found job/employment: default, journey/travelling and death. Those under family category are: Sickness: husbands stopped their wives, husbands interdicted, giving money to family members, death and marriage failure. Those under group category are: poor repayment record, unfaith fullness of group leaders, lack of cooperation and lack of trust. Factors under competitive category are: better terms and services in other MFIs. Therefore, SEDA and PTF need to address the above major organizational factors which are greatly contributing to clients’ dropout in their organizations. Since these factors originate from within their organizations it would be relatively easy to address them than other factors outside their organizations. Other lesser factors outside their organizations such as, business, personal, family group and competitive factors contribute less to dropout. However, there is a need to assist clients affected by these factors to reduce their dropout which may also affect their organizations. Due to increasing competition from other MFIs which are entering the market, there is a need for SEDA and PTF to take proactive measures aimed at improving their services in order to retain their existing clients who may be dropping out to join other MFI due to better terms and services.
The use of phytoremediation technology for abatement soil and groundwater pollution in Tanzania: opportunities and challenges
(Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 2008) Mwegoha, William J. S.
Contamination of soil and groundwater from anthropogenic sources is a major concern in many developing countries including Tanzania. Improper handling of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in many urban centers in Tanzania has often resulted into gas emissions and generation of leachate, which pose threat to the environment. Additionally, the use of pesticides for agricultural purposes is on the increase because of the need to improve crop production and control of pests, weed infestation and insect outbreaks. As a consequence, pesticide use has caused adverse contamination in soils and waters. The potentially negative impacts of these pesticide stocks on humans and the environment are of major concern. To make the situation more challenging, the country has experienced a substantially fast growth of the mining sector in many parts of the country over the past ten years, which has resulted in reported soil and water pollution from acid mine drainage with elevated concentrations of heavy metals. It is estimated that more than 30% of the Tanzanians depend on groundwater as their source of water. Most of the conventional methods for environmental remediation of these sites are expensive and often poorly implemented or not implemented at all. Thus, there is a clear need to develop new cost effective and environmentally friendly clean-up methods to remediate the contaminated areas in Tanzania. Phytoremediation is a relatively new and promising technology that uses plants to degrade, stabilize, metabolize or sequester potentially toxic compounds from the environment. This paper is aimed at assessing the potential of phytoremediation as a low-cost alternative, but which has yet to be studied and used in Tanzania.
Comparative analysis of the procedures for adjudication of labour disputes under the repealed and the new labour legislation of Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2009) Kadilu, Mwajuma
This study is about the comparative analysis of the procedures for adjudication of labour disputes under the repealed and the new labour legislation. The study compares the speed of resolving labour disputes under the repealed laws with the one in the new labour legislation of 2004. The study involved library research so as to lay down the theoretical framework of the study. Field research was conducted in order to support the theoretical work by gathering relevant information from various respondents. Mainly, collection of data involved oral interviews and observation methods. This study found out that the procedures for resolving labour disputes under the new labour legislation are expeditious compared with the ones in the repealed laws. It was concluded that although the new laws provide for expeditious procedures for adjudication of disputes, practice of the Labour Court shows the contrary. The basis for this conclusion is that the Labour Court failed to adjudicate even a single dispute within nine months of its operation. In the end, the study recommends that the CMA needs to be empowered to execute its own decisions in order to eliminate backlog of cases in the Labour Court, most of them being on enforcement of the CMA’s awards. Also it is recommended that for the sake of justice, there should be provisions in the new labour legislation allowing appeals from the Labour Court to the Court of Appeal to be on matters of both fact and law.