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Item Footwear chain and participation of micro and small enterprises in Tanzania: What are their coping strategies?(Enterprenuership and Bussiness Development Research Cluster, 2005) Kuzilwa, Joseph A.; Karia, Francis P.The local footwear environment in Tanzania in which micro and small footwear enterprises are embedded influences the capacity of the firms to cope with the vagaries of liberalization and globalization. This paper has used value chain, clustering and firm level institutions theories to develop the conceptual frame which has examined this phenomena. An in-depth case study approach involving content analysis of six cases of micro and small enterprises was used as the methodology of study. The findings showed that micro and small footwear enterprises (MSEs) use a variety of strategies, including product differentiation, market diversification, market targeting, and product exporting (cross-border trade) as ways of dealing with imports of cheap second hand and new shoes in the local market. The study also showed that predisposing factors, particularly training and experience gained in the trade, played a vital role in influencing the enterprises strategic posture. On the other hand, the study showed that little clustering and cooperation existed amongst the footwear MSEs despite the potential advantages such as collective efficiency that could be gained, for example, from joint input procurement, joint selling and information sharing. Overall, the study showed that despite their disconnectedness, MSE in this sector have managed to survive and some have even grown.Item Investigation into factors that influence the diffusion of innovation among households in Tanzania: The case of MSEs innovated cooking stoves in Shinyanga region(Enterprenuership and Bussiness Development Research Cluster, 2005) Nsana, Bernard J. M.This study investigates into factors that influence the adoption and diffusion of innovations in cooking stoves among rural households in Tanzania. It is a case study conducted in Meatu and Shinyanga districts. The design of study was that of a survey within a case study, as 100 households were surveyed to arrive at the results. The findings revealed that for the two districts adoption and diffusion of the innovations was still very low, with the rate of 0.66% for Meatu district and 0.20% for Kahama district- an average of 0.43% for the two districts. The study revealed several factors that were behind the low rates. These include: status quo syndrome, lack of awareness of where to find the stoves, cultural values, absence of networks etc., as demonstrated in chapter four. Despite the low rates of adoption, there are some factors that point to market optimism, such as the high value the respondents place on the quality and efficiency of the stoves. Poor marketing and some negative cultural factors inhibited wide adoption. The study concludes with some recommendations that point to ways and strategies that could bring about wider adoption of the innovations. It also suggests areas for further research.Item Process and constraints incross-border trade in Tanzania: The case of maize trade in Sumbawanga and Nkasi districts in Rukwa region.(Enterprenuership and Bussiness Development Research Cluster, 2005) Rutebinga, PhilbertThis study focused on the process and constraints in cross-border trade in Tanzania. The main research question was on what process the trade was being carried out and the constraints it was facing in the realization of the expected benefits. Data were collected from farmers, traders, agents, the agricultural offices, TRA, Immigration, Village and Ward Offices and Transporters. Interviews and questionnaires were used in the process. The analysis was based on descriptive statistics that include tables and percentages. Opinion survey indicated that prices of maize were better compared to period’s pre-cross border trade. However, price differences between farm gate price and prices across the border having deducted transaction and transportation costs were quite big. This reflected the unwillingness of cross-boarder traders to share the benefits with the farmers. The major constraints obtained by the study included, high prices of farm inputs, yet poor transport, inadequate storage capacity at household and village level, poor capital base, lack of a single market and divided farmers and traders. The study recommends the establishment of markets where maize and other products could be sold and bought, developing strategies of improving transportations, creation of cross-border traders union as well as one for farmers for purposes of eliminating unfair competition. The benefits of cross border trade do exist; it is organizational management, which hinders the accruing of the same, equitably to all parties concerned.Item Local government bureaucracy: A comparative study of Tanzanian and Norwegian bureaucrats-attitiudes and behaviors(Mzumbe University and Agder College, 1997) Mpelumbe George; Jacobsen Dag IngvarThis report discusses the possible effects of regime type on bureaucrat’s attitudes and behavior, in particular the political role of bureaucrats. Using the classification scheme of Ferrel Heady, the report outlines possible links between regime type and bureaucratic behavior. To test these links, a comparative study of bureaucrats in local government in Norway and Tanzania was conducted during autumn 1993/winter 1994. A questionnaire was used to tap attitudes and behaviours of bureaucrats. In short we found that Norwegian bureaucrats seemed to be less technocratic than their Tanzanian counterparts. Additionally, we found that bureaucrats in both regimes acted independently of politicians, but in different phases of the policy making process. Norwegian bureaucrats tended to act more autonomously in the preparatory phases, while Tanzanian bureaucrats tended to act more autonomously in the implementing phase. These findings indicate that bureaucrats in both regimes act as independent political actors, but in a different fashion.Item Financial accounting, problems and suggested solutions: For professional acountancy students(Research and Publication Department, 2003) Komunte Amri M.This manual has been prepared essentially to meet the demand of students with whom we covered these areas in their undergraduate studies and Certified Public Accountant Review Courses. Thus prepared for Accountancy Professional Students. Majority of the students failed to grasp what was required in the areas due to lack of relevant study and training manuals. Therefore the emphasis in here has been placed on the basic principles and concepts on the uses of accounting information with questions and suggested solutions. These questions have been provided so that they are attempted right from question number one to the end i.e. ascending order in each chapter. Most of the basic principles are covered in the suggested solutions. I am indebted to Zakaria Mathias for typing work and National Board of Accounts and Auditors for permission to reproduce some examination questions. Finally, and most importantly I would like to thank my wife Bibiana for her continued help and support throughout when writing this bookItem A field study report of the base line project: The case of Morogoro municipal council(Mzumbe University and Agder University College, 2001) Chao Mathew N.; Mpamila Madale MartinMorogoro Municipal Council has been studied as part of the so called Base Line Project, which has been carried out with the aim of describing a number of local councils in Tanzania and to understand their functioning and challenges. The municipality of Morogoro has a population of appr. 200,000. The main offices in the centra of the city are in a poor condition, and equipment and vehicles are few and of a low standard. Like any other authority, Morogoro Municipality operates under very severe financial constraints, and the population is reluctant to pay taxes. The services are not always delivered to the population in a satisfactory way, and it is reported that the employees are not given much training and that their motivation is sometimes low. Perhaps as an attempt to remedy these obstacles, the council is contemplating privatisation. Also the role of the NGOs is becoming increasingly important as a provider of services. Morogoro Municipality is one of the 35 councils selected to participate in the first phase of the Local Government Reform Agenda, but there has as yet not been much reform activity.Item A field study report of the base line project: A case of Arumeru district council(Mzumbe University and Agder University College, 2000) Chao Mathew N.Arumeru District Council has been studied as part of the so called Base Line Project, with the aim of describing a number of local councils in Tanzania and to understand their functioning and challenges. The district of Arumeru has a population of appr. 340,000 and encircles the Arusha Municipal Council completely. The district is well endowed with resources, even water, but the infrastructure is not sufficient to allow the full utilisation of them. The financial condition of the council is weak, and the offices and the equipment available are poor. The general standard of the staff is not satisfactory, especially as regards formal competence. Tax income is low, and this is partly due to an incident a few years ago, when the Sagga people launched a strong protest against an increase of the development levy. But there are also some more general problems. Firstly, the private economy is poor and thus the population has difficulties in managing to pay taxes, especially development levy. Secondly, poor roads and a shortage of vehicles make the exercise of tax collection cumbersome and alarmingly costly. The district is heavily dependent upon donor funds, and most services in the district are delivered unsatisfactorily.Item Good practices in environmental management: Moving from trade-off to win-win situation in Tanzania(Mzumbe University and Agder University College, 1998) Aasland Dag G.; Nkya Estomih J.The report provides a background of environmental conditions in Tanzania and, through case study research design, identifies, describes and analyses ‘good practices’ that tend to lead to ‘win-win’ situations in environmental management. The main question that guided inquiry is: what are the economic and institutional conditions for moving from a trade-off to a win-win situation in environmental management? A three stage analytical model informed by Coasian and Pigovian theories of externalities or unintended consequences of economic activity, was used to analyse twelve cases of environmental management in Tanzania. Good practices were found to be characterised by participation of all major stakeholders (both economic and environmental interests), adoption of long-term strategic view of economic interests, local ownership of the environmental management programmes by communities and local authorities, sharing of local indigenous knowledge, raised environmental awareness at local levels, environmental-friendly planning, and decentralization of implementation of environmental policy.Item Apprenticeship and entrepreneurial development in the Tanzania informal sector(Mzumbe University and Agder University College, 1994) Nsana Bernard; Knudsen Harald; Kristiansen SteinEntrepreneurship and the operation of small scale, "micro" firms in the informal sector play an important role in many developing economies. They provide employment and contribute to the creation of economic value in the nations. The acquisition of skills in the informal sector depends mainly on informal apprenticeship programs and experiential learning in the workplace. The study includes description of entrepreneurial roles and apprenticeship programs in different trades in the informal sector in Tanzania. It also explores the nature of innovation, economic performance, marketing and management in the sector.Item The relationship between non-government organisations and local government authorities in Tanzania: A case study of Morogoro and Babati district councils(Mzumbe University and Agder University College, 2001) Mpamila Madale MartinThis is a study of the relationships between local government authorities and NGOs in Tanzania. But also of the more general nature of NGOs; their background and their contributions and limitations. For instance, there seems to be a certain measure of mistrust and suspicion between NGOs and LGAs, and sometimes there is a lack of co-ordination of the efforts of the NGOs in a district. The study has been conducted in the districts of Babati and Morogoro and the instrument used has been that of guided interviews. A main conclusion is that NGOs are not homogeneous, and that it is difficult to generalize. However, the NGOs normally are able to incorporate voluntarism in their organisational structure, and they have the advantage of relating to beneficiaries. Also it may be said that the NGOs have become more and more important as deliverers of services, partly as a response to the cut-backs in the service provision by the authorities. The NGOs mostly operate in close contact with the LGAs, but the flow of information and the co-ordination are not always satisfactory. One reason for this state of affairs is the lack of resources on the part of the LGAs, who are not able to follow up the NGOs properly