Institute of Development Studies
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Item A review of co-management interventions in the Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania(African Journals Online (AJOL), 2018) Mwegoha, William J. S.This paper presents appraisal of Co-Management Interventions (CMI) focusing on their successes and challenges associated with the environmental and social aspects carried out as part of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, Phase Two (LVEMP-II) in Tanzania. A total of 23 sub-projects were appraised in accordance with the Environmental Management Act in four regions in Tanzania. The effectiveness of the appraisal process, including involvement of different parties, was assessed during the whole project cycle. Long delays in the process by the National Environment Management Council have often created a time conflict with the implementation schedule falling behind and delaying projects. Challenges relating to policy, regulatory and institutional issues for selected projects are discussed and recommendations for refining the assessment process are made.Item An analysis of challenges facing folk development colleges in the Southern Highlands zone, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kalole, Josephine G.This study examined the challenges which faced the development of FDCs in the Southern Highland Zone of Tanzania. It was inspired by the fact that FDCs’ development was moving backward and the challenges were less known. The study specifically identified the causes of the challenges facing FDCs, found out how the challenges facing FDCs in the southern highlands zone of Tanzania could be addressed, and explored measures for strengthening FDCs. The study used a cross-sectional research design with a sample of 36 respondents who were selected though convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews, and documentary review methods. They were analyzed by using SPSS and Microsoft Word for text processing and editing. The study shows that inadequate facilities, poor infrastructure, shortage of qualified personnel, inadequate technological tools, and community’ negative attitude were the challenges which affected FDCs in the study areas. The effects of those challenges were lack of qualified teachers, poor teaching, drop outs, students’ poor performance, students’ failure, unwillingness to teach, teachers’ resignation, and hence bad reputation of FDCs. Measures such as enough budget allocation for FDCs, employing adequate qualified personnel, increasing facilities, involving stakeholders in planning, were proposed. There was also a need to strengthen FDCs through involving development partners, conducting fundraising activities, staff capacity building. Relevant recommendations are made.Item An assessment of beach management units in combating illegal fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania: a case of Bukoba district(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kashililika, Edwin WakisaThe study is about an assessment of the Beach Management Units in combating illegal fishing with specific reference to Bukoba District. The aim of the study was to identify factors leading to ineffective performance of Beach Management Units in combating illegal fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Ninety-six (96) respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires also information collected from a fishery official at District and Regional level by focused group discussion. Descriptive data were analyzed by the descriptive analysis method and SPSS 20 version and presented in frequencies. The findings revealed that the performance of the BMUs is poor because of, lack of boats for patrol (fishery patrol vessel), lack of source of revenue, difficult to get information about illegal fishing, BMUs leaders were found to be part of illegal fishing, also intimidation to BMUs’ leaders by big fishers who practiced illegal fishing and lastly voluntarism nature of work demoralizes the BMUs leaders to concentrate in combating illegal fishing. Given the above-mentioned reasons fueling illegal fishing, this study recommends local and Central Government to support the BMUs to improve its performance to achieve the sustainable and equitable exploitation of fishery resources. The basic support recommended include: Adequate funds to support their operations including the purchase of the fishery patrol vessel, awareness raising/sensitization to local authorities and community living along Lake Victoria shores on the importance of these Community-Based Organizations in combating illegal fishing, the impact of illegal fishing and how to provide information to the BMUs leadership about illegal fishing.Item An assessment of high human population density and its impacts on land resources in Moshi district council, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2013) Alphonce, EmmanuelThis study attempted to assess the impacts of high human population density on land resources in Moshi District Council. Generally, other studies show that, developing countries experiencing the high demographic pressures while land resource to support the growth is fixed or limited and the mechanisms to adapt to, grow very slowly. Specifically, there is an extremely high human population density in areas around Kilimanjaro, especially in the Moshi District Council. This leads to land shortage that would be useful for agricultural production and infrastructure development, poor settlement planning, land use conflicts, land degradation, and serious environmental implications that can be linked to the increase of poverty level including lack of employment to the youth. This study used a case study design and sampling techniques based on purposive/non probability sampling and simple random sampling/probability sampling, while the sample size of a hundred respondents that was taken, was based on Nassiuma’s formula. The type and source of data were entirely on primary and secondary sources related to the study topic studied. The methods of data collection based on, written questionnaires/structured interview for key informants and field respondents, field observation of human settlement arrangement and cultivation areas. The documentary technique based on, written sources/secondary sources i.e. related reports, population census, books, and internet. Finally, the data were analyzed and presented with descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency, graphs and tables. This was done by using the Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Microsoft Excel was used to produce charts and graphs and Microsoft Word was used in compiling and writing up the reports.Item Analysing the effectiveness of the proposed child protection system model in preventing and responding to violence against children in Temeke District, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2015) Kayoza, Harold K.Generally, the study intended to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed child protection system model in preventing and responding to violence against children. The study was conducted at Temeke District. The objectives of the study were; to examine 3 the status of violence against children in Temeke District, to assess the implementation of Child Protection System Model (CPSM), to identify the extent to which the child protection system model has been effective and to examine challenges in implementing the child protection system model. The case study research design was used whereas a sample of 40 respondents was used in collecting data. Primary data was collected through questionnaire and interview guide while secondary data was collected through documentary analysis. The study found that, there are 54 cases that are recorded from July 2013 to June 2014. The study found that, the number of recorded cases dropped from 3 to 2 cases in July and September respectively. In October the number of recorded cases increases to 11 cases. Also, the study found that, there are different types of VAC in Temeke District. Moreover, the study found that, the large number of the respondents identified mental impairment as a major effect facing victims. The major effects facing victims involve; death, aggressive behavior and physical impairment. The study concludes that child protection system model has been effective for some extent. Although significant steps have been taken to improve child protection system model for the protection of the rights of children in the piloted areas in Tanzania, the study recommends that there is a need to improve the effectiveness of the child protection system model, this requires accountability and transparency, good laws and policies cannot protect children unless all duty bearers are held accountable to them.Item Applicability of information and communication technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in selected teachers colleges in Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2013) Noyi, SaidThis study investigated the applicability of Information and Communication Technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in teachers' colleges in Mara Regions in Tanzania. The study specifically examined the extent to which the ICT is applied by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs, identifies the challenges facing tutors when applying ICT in the teaching and learning process in TCs and establishes the strategies for effective use of ICT by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs. A total of 46 participants from one diploma teachers college and grade A teachers college were used. The sample category involved 2 principals, 2 heads of ICT departments, 2 academic deans obtained through purposive sampling and 40 tutors obtained through simple random sampling. The study employed exploratory research designs, while the research approach involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The data were gathered through closed-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observation and documentary review. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data was analysed by using SPSS version sixteen descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used to present data. Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic and content methods and presented by statements. The findings show that the tutors' ICT applications are commonly applied while the rest are not because of a lack of ICT knowledge or skills and infrastructure support. Major problems faced were personal or college based such as insufficiency in ICT knowledge and skills, lack of technical support and inadequacy of ICT facilities. Strategies to be applied should be personal-based, college based and ministry based. Study recommendations were based on teachers' colleges including principals of the college, academic deans, heads of ICT departments and tutors and the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training including teacher's departments and ICT units. Additionally, there is a need to review Education and Training Policy (ETP) of 1995 to accommodate changes in time that are occurring everywhere in the world.Item Assessing implementation of Zanzibar Forest Policy (1999) on major reforestation challenges in North ‘A’ District: a case of Jongowe and Mkokotoni Shehias(Mzumbe University, 2015) Haji, Mwadini M.The study designed to assess the implementation of the National Forest Policy for Zanzibar (1999). The focus was to assess major reforestation challenges in North “A” district – Zanzibar including the community‟s support of tree planting, other socio-economic effects on the program, the availability of seedlings, and perception about the program. Data were collected from a sample of 90 community members and 1 Forest District Officer, 1 Assistant Planning Officer and 2 Shehas from the selected village in the district. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, charts and tables were used. The key finding of the study shows that the community was supported in some areas on tree planting but that this was not enough. Also, people have positive perception on tree planting but there was poor community participation in tree planting meetings and programmes, shortage of land for planting trees, difficulty in obtaining tree seedlings and shortage of extension services. The study concluded that the tree planting campaigns will not be successful to the extent that people may not participate in those campaigns; more support is needed to enable the community to plant more trees; the efforts made to promote sustainable forest-related community activities were not effectively implemented; the size of land owned by the community in the study area was small; and it was difficult to obtain tree seedlings for the community. Policy implications are that there is the need, first, to have policy interventions to enable community to access enough land for tree planting; second, to provide adequate support to the community; third, to obtain relevant information concerning tree planting; and, fourth, to have laws and regulations that enable community to access land for forestation and to have knowledge and skills on production of tree seedlings and of forest in general.Item Assessment of energy efficient rocket stoves contribution on deforestation control in Tanzania, a case study of Chamwino district in Dodoma region(Mzumbe University, 2015) Gerome, Annamaria CorneliusDeforestation is undeniable fact that it is a worldwide environmental concern. This study assessed contribution of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in deforestation control at household level in Chamwino District whereby it specifically examined adoption and adaptive use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology. It also explored the impact of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in rate of deforestation and identified challenges in adoption and use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in the study area. The study involved 114 respondents including randomly selected 100 households and 14 purposely selected key informants such as WEO, VEO, DEMO, FO and STT Officers. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation and documentary review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis based on emerging themes. Moreover, forest cover change was assessed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014, ArcGIS 10.2.2, Google Earth and Microsoft Office Excel. Findings showed that, even though the majority (60%) revealed the fact that rocket stoves are efficient in terms of firewood, adoption was only high initially due to promotion by STT project and perceived benefit, later as the project phased out, adoption decreased due to loss of hope and socioeconomic barriers. Even those who adopted the stoves, only few (27%) had adaptive use as the majority turned into use of traditional stoves because the majority (84%) faced challenges in use of the stoves. Among the challenges were easy breaking of the stove, costs of running the stove when broken and cutting of wood into small pieces. Moreover, it was revealed that the rate of deforestation is still increasing despite the introduced stoves. It was therefore concluded that rocket stoves have not helped in control of deforestation. Hence, it was recommended that, people should respond positively towards such projects so that forests are sustained for both present and future generations. Also, the implementers should continue to visit the areas and work on the existing challenges so as to ensure effective adoption as well as use of the stoves even after the phase is off.Item Assessment of energy efficient rocket stoves contribution on deforestation control in Tanzania: A case study of Chamwino District in Dodoma Region(2015) Gerome, Annamaria CorneliusDeforestation is undeniable fact that it is a worldwide environmental concern. This study assessed contribution of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in deforestation control at household level in Chamwino District whereby it specifically examined adoption and adaptive use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology. It also explored the impact of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in rate of deforestation and identified challenges in adoption and use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in the study area. The study involved 114 respondents including randomly selected 100 households and 14 purposely selected key informants such as WEO, VEO, DEMO, FO and STT Officers. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation and documentary review. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data were analysed through content analysis based on emerging themes. Moreover, forest cover change was assessed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014, ArcGIS 10.2.2, Google Earth and Microsoft Office Excel. Findings showed that, even though the majority (60%) revealed the fact that rocket stoves are efficient in terms of firewood, adoption was only high initially due to promotion by STT project and perceived benefit, later as the project phased out, adoption decreased due to loss of hope and socioeconomic barriers. Even those who adopted the stoves, only few (27%) had adaptive use as the majority turned into use of traditional stoves because the majority (84%) faced challenges in use of the stoves. Among the challenges were easy breaking of the stove, costs of running the stove when broken and cutting of wood into small pieces. Moreover, it was revealed that the rate of deforestation is still increasing despite the introduced stoves. It was therefore concluded that rocket stoves have not helped in control of deforestation. Hence, it was recommended that, people should respond positively towards such projects so that forests are sustained for both present and future generations. Also, the implementers should continue to visit the areas and work on the existing challenges so as to ensure effective adoption as well as use of the stoves even after the phase is off.Item Assessment of land use conflicts in Tanzania: a case study of Songambele and Mkoka villages in Kongwa District, Dodoma Region(Mzumbe University, 2015) Mbonde, Francis JustineThe study was done in Songambele and Mkoka villages Kongwa District, Dodoma.The study focused on Assessment of land use conflicts in Tanzania. Taking Mkoka and Songambele villages as a case study. The study addressed the following three objectives(i) to access the causes of land use conflicts in selected villages in the study area.(ii) identify types of land conflicts in selected villages in the study area.(iii) to identify the effects of land use conflicts in the study area. The population of the study consisted of village land committee, Land tribunal, and villagers. The study involved a sample of 105 respondents including 90 respondents who were randomly selected and 15 respondents that were selected purposefully. A cross sectional research design was used however qualitative and quantitative approach were used to design research questions. Four methods were used to collect data to address the research objectives. These included a questionnaire, interview, observations, documents review.The data collected were analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research finding revealed that, the causes of land use conflicts in Mkoka and Songambele was pastoralist keep graze their cattle in the farms, removing of demarcation, and land grabbing by powerful individual, scarcity of grazing land, double leasing of plots ,no title deeds. Types of land use conflicts clashes between pastoralists and farmers, families and families and other between villagers. However, the effect associated with land use conflicts include: shortage of food to villagers, killing, and loss of peace among the villages, crop and livestock destruction, lose of originally owned land, development stagnation, decrease of income. The study therefore recommended that government should raise awareness on land use policy to the villagers through provision of seminars, workshops and leaflets on land use policy and the rights of people. The government should also put clear and permanent boundaries in surveyed land in the villages, The anti corruption institution should make frequent follow up of the village land committee and land tribunal on their judgements regarding land use conflicts.Item Assessment of national water policy (2002) implementation in accessing domestic water supply: a case of Mufindi district, Tanzania(Mzumbe University, 2015) Mcheka, Nounou MohamedThis study examines how the National Water Policy of 2002 was implemented in accessing Domestic Water use in the Rural Part of Mufindi District, especially in Rungemba Ward. The study objective was to assess the implementation of Tanzania National Water Policy, 2002 in the accessibility of clean and safe water for domestic use in the rural community of Mufindi District. The study comes out with several specific objectives first, to explore how water sources are being protected in rural communities. Second, to examine the status of the domestic water supply and thirdly, to identify challenges facing the community in accessing clean and safe water for domestic use. This study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive research design. Data were collected checked for relevance and edited to remove some errors. The collected data were coded for analysis. On entering the collected data from the questionnaire survey into the computer, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. This was done by numbering them to match with SPSS statistical package for the analysis procedure. After conducting research data was presented in the form of tables, charts and graphs as a way to keep them clear and understandable to anyone who came across the document and read it. Results showed that the community were involved in water source protection, as in the study area there were village water committees, bye-laws, and village water funds, also results showed that many villagers had access to water more than 400metres differently from what the Policy recommended, and the majority used stream water rather than other water sources. Moreover, results showed community faced several challenges in water source protection like the majority they don’t want to pay for services, limited community involvement in water source protection, theft of metal iron parts and lack of maintenance of hand pumps and tapes. It is concluded that people should be aware of all issues concerning water source protection so that they can be able to take all precautions measures relating to water source protectionItem Assessment of performance of vocational training centres on youth unemployment reduction: a case of Mkokotoni Vocational Training Centre in North A District, Zanzibar(Mzumbe University, 2013) Juma, Juma N.Youth unemployment is a serious problem facing developed and developing countries since the early 2000s, and it has huge impact in socio-economic context. It was therefore important to deploy initiatives in order to overcome or reduce the consequences of this problem. Vocational training was thought to be the best option to counteract the problem. This study assessed the performance of VTCs on youth unemployment reduction in Zanzibar where four main aspects involved which were: courses offered in VTCs, students’ enrolment trend, extent to which VTCs reduced unemployment, and challenges which faced VTCs. The study used exploratory research design and involved 140 respondents to assess performance through administration of a questionnaire, interviews, focused group discussions, observation and documentary review. The findings revealed that a total of eleven courses offered and the Majority of respondents joined in courses which depended on being employed or had low employment possibilities. Also, students’ enrolment was still very low (below 1 percent). It was found that only 28 percent of trainees had employment while 72 percent had no employment, and the main employer was hotel industries which employed 55 percent of trainees while 45 percent were self- employed. In addition, there was inadequate training materials by 74 percent and shortage of materials and equipments for field and practical sessions by 55 percent. To a large extent, performance of VTCs was affected by different challenges such as lack of areas for field practices (27 percent), and poor coordination (14 percent) which limit performance of VTCs towards well qualified and competent trainees delivery. It therefore concluded that VTCs’ performance on youth unemployment reduction is still not satisfactory. The study therefore recommended measures to improve VTCs’ performance in employment creation such as: the Government should collaborate with the private sector, ensure accessibility of VTCs in tourism areas and review of VTCs’ curriculum to suit with the current situation of labour market.Item Assessment of surface water quality near municipal solid waste dumping facility in Bukoba, Kagera Region, Tanzania(Wiley Online LIbrary, 2023) Lema, Meserecordias W. J.; Mwegoha, William J. S.Water samples were collected from River Kanoni which passes near a municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping facility in Bukoba Town, Kagera Region, United Republic of Tanzania. The objective of the study was to assess surface water pollution caused by a MSW dump. Selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity [EC], and Total Dissolved Solids [TDS]), nutrient levels, as well as heavy metals concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd) were analyzed in the laboratory at the University of Dar es Salaam, in accordance with standard methods, and were compared with the existing standard limits for freshwater qualities, as stipulated by WHO and US-EPA. Results have shown that pH values were within the allowable range of between 6.5 and 8.5, except for one value (8.82 ± 0.11) that was measured at the midstream. Temperature values were between 26.28 ± 1.02°C and 28.35 ± 0.15°C, which are within the allowable range of between 20°C and 50°C. EC values were between 262.50 ± 8.32 μS/cm and 345.01 ± 6.48 μS/cm, which are below the maximum allowable value of 400 μS/cm. TDS values were between 183.75 ± 6.55 mg/L and 241.51 ± 11.33 mg/L, which are below the maximum allowable value of 500 mg/L. Nitrate levels were between 17.52 ± 1.12 mg/L and 32.00 ± 3.02 mg/L, which are above the standard limit of 10 mg/L above. Concentrations of Lead, Chromium, and Cadmium were between 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/L and 0.16 ± 0.05 mg/L, 0.55 ± 0.02 mg/L and 1.14 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 0.009 ± 0.12 mg/L and 0.098 ± 0.22, respectively, which are all above the recommended limits of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Values for copper and zinc were between 0.02 ± 0.12 mg/L and 0.20 ± 0.22 mg/L, and 0.79 ± 0.32 mg/L and 1.57 ± 0.04 mg/L respectively, which are below the recommended limits of 1.3 and 5 mg/L, respectively. This study has revealed that Bukoba MSW dumping facility has potential impacts on the water quality in River Kanoni, for domestic usage. This, therefore, demands all relevant authorities to immediately find a proper and sustainable replacement for the existing MSW dump in Bukoba town.Item Assessment of the implementation of Zanzibar education policy on education for learners with special needs: a case of urban west region schools(Mzumbe University, 2015) Omar, Nafisa IddiThe general objective of this study was to assess the implementation of education policy on learners with special needs at Kisiwandui. Four schools of Mwanakwerekwe A, Kiembesamaki A and Mwanakwerekwe F schools at Zanzibar were purposively selected to provide the needed information. The data collection techniques used were interview, questionnaire, reference books and physical observations. Literature review aimed to find out how learners with special needs can be mainstreamed and acquire quality education. Generally, the findings show that awareness creation campaigns were conducted by special unit. The findings also show that many teachers have enough experience on teaching learners with special needs although they lack proper knowledge. At the same time it was observed that there were inadequate learning materials for supporting learners with special needs. On the other hand it was found out those learners with special needs got support from their relatives when doing their homework. The study concludes that before reviewing or developing new curriculum there is a need of conducting research. During the development of curriculum, the Ministry officials should involve the appropriate stakeholders, as this will lead to the development of appropriate curriculum. Also, the government should find the means of getting more equipment and devices which smoothen the learning process and teaching for all learners specifically to those with special needs. The policy implications show that there are some areas that need much consideration. In this regard there is still need for the government to come up with policy strategies that will enable learners with special needs to get education in a conducive environment that will enable them to be active participants in the economy with other groups in the community.Item Cash transfer programme and poverty reduction among female headed households in Nachingwea, Tanzania: A case of TASAF III(Mzumbe University, 2018) Mwaita, Rose KennyThis study intended to examine the contribution of Cash Transfer Programme (CTP) to poverty reduction among Female Headed Households (FHHs) in Nachingwea District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused at determining the contribution of CTP on access to education, health services and food among poor Female Headed Households (FHHs). A case study research design was used whereby the target populations were Female Headed Households and leaders in the District. A sample size of 66 respondents was drawn by using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Purposeful sampling technique was applied to select sixteen (16) key informants and simple random sampling technique was applied to select fifty (50) Female Headed Households. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and interviews while the secondary data were collected through documentary review. Quantitative data collected were analysed descriptively by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) whereas qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The findings were presented through tables and statements. The study revealed that Cash Transfer Programme has increased access to education, health services and food. Specifically, all children admitted to schools were getting the basic needs and attending schools regularly. Furthermore, all respondents and their household members were registered members of the CHF and also going to health facilities always when they fell sick. The study further established that the percentages of households taking three meals per day rose up to 74 percent as compared to 22 percent before the cash transfer programme. Conclusively, the role of the Cash Transfer Programme in reduction of poverty at household‟s level is significant and a basis for improved livelihood of the communities living under extreme poverty. This was evidenced by the findings whereby the programme succeeded to a great extent to achieve access to education, health and food. The study recommends that there is a need to review our policies especially health policy so as to enable all citizens to be registered members of the National health insurance fund which enables them to get health services from dispensaries, health centres, hospitals and referral hospitals both private and public.Item Challenges facing private health service providers in Tanzania: a case of Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDO) in Tabora Municipal Council.(Mzumbe University, 2015) Kulwijira, Abiud JamesThe study aimed at examining the Challenges facing private health service providers in Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused at examining the Performance of private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDO), the challenges facing private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in the provision of health services, the causes of the challenges facing the private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in the provision of services and measures in improving the performance of private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in provision of service in Tabora Municipality. This study applied a case study design, which targeted ADDO owners in Tabora Municipal Council as the private health service providers. A sample size of 100 respondents was drawn by using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaire, Interview and Observation methods were applied in collection of primary data, whereas documentary review method was adopted for collecting secondary data. The collected data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Excel Software and Content Analysis then presented in tables, figures and texts. The findings from the study revealed that; Unavailability of qualified staff, Poor storage facilities, shortage of required drugs, Low purchasing power, difficult drug policy, poor Government support, selling expired drugs and high training costs reported by respondents are the challenges facing ADDO. To overcome the challenges facing ADDO, the study suggests; adherence to the Government medical policies, Proper Dispensing of required drugs, effective and efficiency drug planning, improving drug storage and dispensing enough of the required drug.Item Challenges facing private health service providers in Tanzania: a case of accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tabora Municipal council(Mzumbe University, 2015) Kulwijira, Abiud JamesThe study aimed at examining the Challenges facing private health service providers in Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused at examining the Performance of private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDO), the challenges facing private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in the provision of health services, the causes of the challenges facing the private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in the provision of services and measures in improving the performance of private Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in provision of service in Tabora Municipality. This study applied a case study design, which targeted ADDO owners in Tabora Municipal Council as the private health service providers. A sample size of 100 respondents was drawn by using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaire, Interview and Observation methods were applied in collection of primary data, whereas documentary review method was adopted for collecting secondary data. The collected data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Excel Software and Content Analysis then presented in tables, figures and texts. The findings from the study revealed that; Unavailability of qualified staff, Poor storage facilities, shortage of required drugs, Low purchasing power, difficult drug policy, poor Government support, selling expired drugs and high training costs reported by respondents are the challenges facing ADDO. To overcome the challenges facing ADDO, the study suggests; adherence to the Government medical policies, Proper Dispensing of required drugs, effective and efficiency drug planning, improving drug storage and dispensing enough of the required drug.Item Challenges of micro-finance institutions towards women empowerment in Kilimanjaro Region Tanzania: a case study of Moshi Municipality(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kyara, Stella E.The study identified the challenges that micro-finance institutions face in the process of empowering women in Moshi Municipality. The specific objectives of the study are; exploring the causes for challenges of micro-finance institutions, assessing the strength and opportunities found in Moshi Municipality for women empowerment, and lastly suggesting possible solutions to alleviate challenges that face micro-finance institutions in Moshi Municipality. The study adopted a case study design. Random sampling and purposive sampling were used to a total number of 70 respondents who were customers and staffs of micro-finance, and Municipal officials who were dealing with microfinance. Data collection for this study employed different methods such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and focused group discussion. With respect to the objectives the findings revealed several challenges, causes of the challenges and pointed strength and opportunities found in Moshi municipality which are; poor repayment, politics, delay of funds, bureaucracy, corruption, unfaithful staffs, and unfaithful customers. Causes for the challenges are poor management in the organizations, economic depression, and inflation. And lastly strengths and opportunities to empower women in Moshi Municipality pointed out are; availability of financial institutions, availability of funds, the area being in town where business can possibly flow due to the availability of good infrastructures, and availability of entrepreneurship education to the customers that gives them a wide knowledge of operating business and skills to manage funds they raise. Basing on the findings it was recommended that, there should be multiple ways to help in alleviating the experienced challenges which includes, design of suggestion box, trainings should be conducted for capacity building to customers, there should be a visit to customers' business for evaluation to see if they meet standards that can help them lend more money, lastly, financial management education should be provided to SACCOS board members and there should be more cooperative officers to support organizations in training, auditing and advise to the existing SACCOS.Item Citizens’ expectations towards the achievement of development policy goals in Zanzibar a case of oil and gas exploration in Mjini District(Mzumbe University, 2018) Mussa, Omar OmarThis study on citizens‟ expectations towards the achievement of development policy goals with respect to oil and gas exploration and was conducted in Mjini District of Unguja, Zanzibar. The study intended to identify the perceptions of ordinary citizens about the expected public benefits and anticipated challenges emanating from the exploration of oil and gas in their ordinary life. It also intended to compare citizens‟ expectations with the national policy arrangements in the oil and gas sector; and lastly to explore the policy options for harmonising citizens‟ expectations with documented development policy goals in the oil and gas sector. A cross-sectional research design was adopted to guide the whole study. The study used triangulation methods, thus adopting multiple data collection methods and data sources. The quantitative data were collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to 100 citizens. The questionnaire was supplemented by qualitative data collected from 10 key informants in order to enrich the quality of the study findings. Documentary review was also applied in collection of the secondary data that informed the study. The data collected using a questionnaire were coded and analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics software package and the frequency analysis outputs were subjected to further analysis by using Yeh‟s Index of Perception (YIP). This index was used to estimate the magnitude of citizens‟ expectations along a three-point Likert scale. Regarding the perception of the citizens about the expected public benefits emanating from the exploration of oil and gas in their ordinary life, the results showed that a greater proportion of the respondents expected good outcomes. The results also indicated that there was no perceived expectation that oil and gas exploration would result in liberation of the country from donor dependence. The results showed, that despite the good outcomes expected, a great proportion of the respondents anticipated development challenges might occur leading to political disappointment or relative depravation among citizens. The perceived expectation vi that oil and gas exploration would result in threat to the status of the environment and land grabbing was very high compared to other anticipated development challenges. With regard to comparison between citizens‟ expectations and national policy arrangement in oil and gas sector, the results showed that some of the citizens‟ expectations were in line with the documented development policy goals. This indicates the shared vision between the narrow interest of government and broad interest of the citizens leading to collective satisfaction. While some others were not in line with documented development policy goals, they indicate mismatch between the narrow interest of the government and broad interest of the citizens leading to relative deprivation. The study recommends the need to strengthen institutional framework (establishment of coordinating unit among different policies in oil and gas sectors) and adoption of the environmental mitigation strategies from the beginning of the process of exploration of oil and gas to the final stage and dissemination of the accurate information to citizens. Lastly, this study advocates the use of public choice and relative deprivation theories together to provide a good blend of research findings.Item Community participation for sustainability of rural water schemes: a case of CHAMAVITA water schemes in Lushoto District(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mdendemi, Patience PlacidThis study assesses community participation for sustainability of rural water schemes in rural areas. Two villages of Emao and Nkelei were taken as a case study. The methodology applied to assess community participation was thoroughly discussed to see the extent of community involvement at different stages of the project. The techniques used included interviews, questionnaires, focused group discussions, physical observation and literature review. A total of 100 respondents were interviewed 92 of whom were project beneficiaries. The study found that community participation in the study area took different forms at the different stages of the project cycle. The nature and extent of participation for the majority of local communities was generally limited to information giving, consultation and contribution. Local communities were generally not involved in decision making, planning, monitoring and evaluation. The key factors in participation are staff with knowledge and skills on participatory approaches, continuous community sensitisation and mobilisation. Poverty was found to be the main inhibitor of local community participation. Other factors are contradicting policies and approaches of different agencies inflexible organisational policies, poor community leadership and dependency. The study also found that participatory approach leads to water project sustainability only when the elements of project sustainability are considered at the early stages. Capacity building was significant when it trained community water attendants and when it formed local communities or water user groups to carry out project activities for immediate intervention. The study concluded that little attention was given to community involvement at different stages of project implementation and that this threatened future sustainability of the water schemes. There was ineffective community participation in both villages. Lastly the study recommends firstly that water attendants and WC members should be trained, secondly that there should be periodic sensitization seminar on O &M, finally that the community should be involved in all stages of project development.