Accounting and Finance

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Welcome to the Accounting and Finance Community at the School of Business, Mzumbe University (SoB MUIR)! Our Institutional Repository is a central hub for academic excellence, featuring a wide range of research, theses,dissertations, and contributions from our faculty and students. We focus on the latest in financial management, accounting, and economic trends, encouraging researchers, students, and professionals to explore our work. Our community is dedicated to advancing knowledge, fostering innovation, and highlighting our achievements in accounting and finance. Join us as we contribute to the evolving field of financial education and research.

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The learning experiences of batik and tie and dye small-scale exporters in Arusha and Dar es salaam, Tanzania
(African Clothing and Footwear Research Network, 2005) Rasheli, G. A; Mosha, Goodluck E.
This study used the Learning Organization theoretical framework. It aimed at looking at how tie and dye and batik entrepreneurs are learning to export their products in both regional and international markets. The units of enquiry in this qualitative research were small-scale batik and tie and dye garment producers as well as firms involved in production and export. Arusha and Dar es Salaam were selected as areas of study because of their activeness in batik and tie and dye business. Seven cases from each town were selected with the snowballing technique being used, where one respondent was asked to identify the other. Primary data was collected for analysis using a structured interview guide. The results showed that the more experienced entrepreneurs learn how to export more than the relatively inexperienced ones, and there were more women entrepreneurs than men. That exporting had more children and dependents than those who sold locally. They learn e d to export to g e t m o re income to support their families. The impact of education was not clear as entrepreneurs with different levels are involved in export. Most export to the East African region. Entrepreneurs learn to export by participating in exhibitions, promoting their business, dealing with intermediaries and training received in their former jobs, including UNIDO, SIDO, ADAT, Tabata Development Fund and Anglican Development Agency. They also learn through work experience, networking, export procedures, business employees and also through solving customers’ complaints. Local authorities in areas where the batik business is active should help in training these people on marketing especially regionally and internationally. NGOs dealing with entrepreneurship should focus their training on marketing issues instead of dealing with production only. Since the study is a qualitative one with a small sample, a further survey is needed to quantify the results to make more general conclusions.
Financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania
(University of Greenwich (London), 2010) Nyamsogoro, G. Daniel
Abstract An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improves profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.
Financial sustainability of rural micro finance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania
(The University of Greenwich, 2010) Nyamsogoro, Ganka Daniel
Abstract An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists a simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improving profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.
Trade credit in the Tanzanian rice market
(University of Groningen, SOM research school, 2010-10-14) Kihanga, Ernest P.
To access "abstract" for this Thesis use this link : https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/197b89a2-c17c-4d00-80c7-b2ebe4c0bb12 Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
The Role of internal audit unit in safeguarding the public funds in local government authorities: The case of Sumbawanga Municipal council
(Mzumbe University, 2012) Mbasya, Ernest Baroma
The study aimed at looking on the role of Internal Audit Unit on Safeguarding Public Funds on Local Government Authorities ; the case of Sumbawanga Municipal Council. Safeguarding Public Funds on Local Government Authorities depends much the level of performance of the management and the IAU is supposed to check if the Management perform its duties according to the controls and guidelines, so the report of the IAU must reveal the level of performance of the management so if there is weaknesses we expect the IAU to be in the first line to reveal such weaknesses. Though there is IAU in SMC but still do not reveal the weak performance of the management of SMC. The objectives of the study were to identify the functions of the IAU in SMC so as to check why it does not reveal the weak performance of the management which causes the misuse of the public funds. The level of competence of the internal auditors was examined to see if they are competent to perform their work. The level of independence also was examined to check if they are independent in mind and appearance. The level of objectivity was examined to see if the internal auditors are free from conflict of interest in their normal works. Data for the study were collected by means of interviews and sample questionnaires in which a total of 90 respondents participated in the study. Research findings indicate that IAU has not done enough to safeguard Public funds in local governments because the section instead of ensuring that public funds are properly safeguarded , it ends-up with reports which do not reveal the misuse of the public funds so that many stakeholders recently decide to rely much on Safeguarding Public Funds like the CAG’s report. Based on these findings, it shows that the IAU in Sumbawanga Municipal Council failed to reveal the misuse of the public funds so as to make sure that the government officials accountable in various ways on safeguarding the public funds. Therefore, there is a need to check out the reporting channel of the IAU so as enable them to be more independent in their work for example the IAU have to report to the Internal Auditor General and not Municipal Director. There is a need also to provide on-job training so as to increase the level of competence and provision of proper guidelines and other support like adequate financial ability.
University entrepreneurship education in Tanzania : Teaching context, students’ profiles, expectations and outcomes
(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2012) Mwasalwiba, E.S.
This study assesses the impact of entrepreneurship education in Tanzanian universities. It explores the teaching methods, student profiles, expectations, and outcomes associated with these programs. Through mixed research methods involving qualitative and quantitative data from multiple institutions, the study finds that while university entrepreneurship education significantly influences students' entrepreneurial intentions, it faces challenges in meeting their expectations. Key factors affecting its effectiveness include misalignment of teaching objectives, limited practical engagement with local business contexts, and the need for better understanding of students' entry profiles. The findings suggest improvements for curriculum design and policy interventions to enhance the impact of entrepreneurship education in Tanzania
Influence of working capital management in organization performance: A case study of Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Akida, Hamad
Working capital management has lately been a hot topic since the financial crisis of the late 2000’C, Companies search for liquidity and operational efficiency by minimizing their investment in working capital. How can the influence of working capital management affect organization performance? This has been studies in this thesis. Specifically, the study was set in order to meet three objectives, namely; to analyze trend of Net Working capital at Zanzibar Social Security Fund, to assess the efficient of Net Working capital at ZSSF and to examine the contribution of net working capital to organization performance at ZSSF. To achieve these objectives, the study used a sample of 50 respondents who were randomly selected. Data collected by use of questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentary reviews were computed and analyzed by using SPSS computer software and Excel program. Tables and figures were used to helps the presentation of the findings. The efficient of working capital management can be determined by the working capital components such as cash, account receivables, account payables, inventories and other receivables. By testing five independent variables with organization performance by reducing cash, inventory and efficiency management of other components. The main findings indicate that ZSSF consider working capital management an important issue, yet some challenges appeared on efficiency on the payment of monthly pensionable amount to its pensioners. It is evident that the respondents placed greater emphasis or importance on the analysis of trend of net working capital, assessing the efficient of net working capital and contribution of net working capital to organization performance. Some effort is made to manage cash, accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable and other receivables independently of each other, however given the theory of working capital management; there may be room for improvement regarding the strategies, tactics and techniques used to manage these components. Furthermore, the findings suggest that working capital management is also strategic as it impact on the liquidity, solvency/bankruptcy, efficiency, profitability and shareholder wealth maximization of the business. In light of the findings, it was recommended that ZSSF should improve the process of payments to its members and should ensure that benefits are paid timely and to the right person. Also the comparative study of the research should be conducted in order to assess the influence of working capital management on the performance of various pension funds operated in Tanzania. As part of this study a further area for research should be empirical investigations into the impact of working capital on company performance specifically in the service sector industry, and here the case study approach could be considered.
The performance of internal audit in managing organization risk : A case study of Azania bank limited (Head Office)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Baltazari, Upendo
The purpose of this study was to examine the functions/roles of internal audit in assisting management in managing risk in organizations/institutions. Azania Bank Ltd was taken as a case study. The objectives of the study was to Identifying the functions and scope of internal audit in the company, Identifying the risks that Azania Bank Ltd face and how it affects their performance Identifying the role of internal audit in assisting management in managing risk at the Azania Bank Ltd and Examining strengths and weaknesses of internal audit in assisting management in managing risk in Azania Bank Ltd for provision of better services to the customers as a way of improving its performance. The study uses case study design and 50 was the sample and sampling technique includes stratified sampling in which respondents are arranged in groups, data collection tools include interviews, questionnaires, documentary review and physical observation The main findings of the study was Internal Audit Units in the selected areas lack autonomy mainly attributable to inadequate funding, involvement of Internal Auditors in non- audit work, inadequacy of staff training, Audit programs are prepared according to the set standards issued inadequate management support, internal audit staffs adhere to the ethical standards, Staff awareness of risk and management response to recommendations of the Internal Auditors report is very minimal. Researchers Recommend that Audit should be risk based audit, Identify risk before it occurs, Provision of risk education, Frequency inspection, Strong internal controls, Auditor’s independence and to increase number of staff.
The Impact of village community banks on households food security: A survey study of Fulwe village in Morogoro Rural District.
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Katondo, Jeru
The study sought to investigate the Impact of Village Community Bank (VICOBA) on Households Food Security. The food production is normally satisfactory at national level, but food insecurity continues to be a challenge to some section of the population in both rural and urban areas. When farmers put their money in the Village Community Bank (VICOBA), they secure their livelihoods and establish supportive system throughout each other. Specifically, the study sought to determine participation in Village Community Bank (VICOBA), major services offered by VICOBA, the likelihood of farmers uses their credit in agricultural food production, mitigating the food prices fluctuations buying extra food during harvest, and finally, to evaluate the credit use in maintaining the food storage means to enhance household food security. The study involved a survey design to Village Community Bank (VICOBA) members and non VICOBA members, which were randomly sampled from Fulwe Village in Morogoro Rural District. The sample consisted of 62 respondents who included 39 women and 23 men. Instruments for data collection included Documentary review, Questionnaires and Interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The findings revealed that VICOBA members were influenced to join the group because of the following determinants: the financial services, the sense of unity that bring them together solving social problems, the interest rates which pegged lower than other financial institutions. The major financial services discovered are savings through buying community shares and deposits coming from contribution known as jamii, the provision of loans, training and yearly giving back annual profit, residual jamii and individual savings. The findings came up with the evidences that the majority of rural population adhered to set their VICOBA credit use on agricultural activities, whether directly or indirectly involved, about 81.5 % responded that “they were being involved in VICOBA activities in order for them to get resources for agricultural activities”. Finally based on findings, union is strength in view of the fact that through cooperatives the society can be transformed. The adoption of VICOBA became the best economic block to farmers as it assured the safety of their money and food security
Effects in high cost in the issuance of a bank guarantee by commercial banks in Tanzania:The case of CRDB bank plc
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Kalokola, Eustadius
The study was mainly aimed at assessing the causes of high cost in the issuance of bank guarantee by commercial banks in Tanzania; CRDB Morogoro Branches were selected as being an appropriate representative. The study used a cross sectional study design which specifically deployed a diagnostic study in directing towards discovering what is happening, why is it happening and on what can be done on high costs pertaining to Bank Guarantees with Tanzanian Banks. The sample size of the study comprised of 53 respondents. Objectives of the study were to determine the extent to which Bank Guarantees are preferred by customers, identify factors which are considered in establishing the issuance cost, establish components involved in coming up with issuance cost and lastly seek justification for including those components in coming up with issuance cost or cost of a bank guarantee. The study found that majority of customers prefers bank guarantee since it assures their clients regarding completion of the contract. It was further found that banks consider factors such as value of the contract, asset pledged as collaterals, reputation of the customer (credit worthiness) and nature of his/ her business. More ever, it was found that banks when computing issuance cost they include components such as application fee, mortgage fee, legal fee and valuation fees. The study concludes that bank guarantees are generally preferred by customers. It has further concluded that issuance costs are based on necessary procedures that banks must follow before issuing the guarantee. It is therefore concluded that, there is justification for the issuance cost to be high since they are based on necessary procedures that must be followed by the banks before providing guarantees to their customers. The study recommends that costs which are not very necessary in providing guarantees be removed. These include the cost of mortgage and valuation fee.
The influence of credit accessibility on smallholder rice farmers’ performance in Tanzania: A case of Mbarali district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Maduhu, Marco
Tanzania had been implementing Public Procurement Reforms with the aim of promoting value for money in procurement and contracts management. Donors, taxpayers and other stakeholders expect positive results from these reforms by increasing transparency, fairness, accountability and compliance of laws in Public Procurement. Though, procurement systems are strongly regulated, their implementations rarely assure attainment of value for money in construction projects. This study was aimed in assessing factors affecting achievement of value for money in construction projects implemented by Regional Secretariats and giving recommendations on how they can be resolved. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in this research. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews observation and documentary review. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel packages were used in data analysis. The analyzed data are presented in the form of tables, bar charts, pie charts, percentage distribution and linear charts. Construction projects in Tabora Regional Secretariat were noted being facing challenges like unrealistic budget and cash flow, delaying, poor quality, cost overrunning, incompetent contractors and weak consultancy services. The community was not fully involved in development projects; this resulted in poor ownership of the projects when handled over to the community. For attaining the "Big Results Now" the Government is urged to widen Tax base for the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) to collect more revenue from taxes, so as to enable the Government to finance development projects effectively without depending on donors; Prioritize few projects which can be financed fully, implemented effectively and produce intended output within a short time; and promote stakeholders‟ involvement in planning, monitoring and evaluation of projects for creating sense of ownership, transparency and accountability of the Government to taxpayers.
Enhancing income tax collection in SMEs : A customers’ perspective
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Malima, Agness
This study intended to find how the attitude of tax clients of taxation system can beenhanced. Generally, the study aimed to evaluate factors promoting income tax collection from SMEs. The following were specific objectives: To determine the extent to which SMEs voluntarily comply with income tax regulations in Tanzania, to determine the effectiveness of block system administrative approach in influencing SMEs Compliance, and identify factors mostly influencing the perception of SMEs on voluntary tax returns. The literature of the study lead to the formulation of the following theories: Clients’ Tax education status does not determines the rate of voluntary compliance by tax payers, the rate of client’s visitation by tax officers does not relate to client’s tax compliance status, Client’s experience on business has no influence to voluntary tax compliance. The study used mixed research methods to test the hypotheses in meeting stated objectives. Data were collected through survey questionnaire, interview and the review of documents. The information was based on TRA Kinondoni tax region. Data were analysed through the use of SPSS Version 20.
Impact of computerised accounting system in ensuring effective financial control in local government authorities in Tanzania: Case study Musoma District Council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Munisi, Nsia Y.
The main purpose of this study was to explore the impact of computerized accounting system in financial control, a case study of Musoma Municipal Council. The focus was on the accounting/ finance department. Primary data was used, including questionnaires and interviews. The targeted population included the accounting staffs, head of departments and staff of internal audit unit. The unity of inquiry specifically consisted of District Executive Director (DED), District Treasurer (DT), District Internal Auditor (DIA), District Planning Officer (DPLO), District Education Officer (DEO), District Medical Officer (DMO), District Human Resources Officer (DHRO) and accounts staff who used the system. The selection of the unit was based on the fact that the identified persons were the key players in performing and evaluating accounting system. The data obtained through interviews was held constant as control variables. The data collected through questionnaire was processed, analyzed and presented in the form of charts and tables using a computerized data processing program SPSS 20. After a thorough data analysis conclusion was then drawn, that details that the computerized accounting system has an impact on financial control. Recommendations were then made that the there should be a system administrator so as to monitor and restricts the unauthorized personnel from accessing the system.
Financial management practices: Inefficiencies for self sustainable on donor funded water projects the case study of Global Water Initiatives Program phase I
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mapunda, Keneth Njako
Financial management practices is the key role for self-sustainability on donor funded water projects, and in Tanzania is the factor which undermine efforts for sustainability. Ability to pay to meet cost is the key essential issue in assuring sustainability. The main objective of the study is to assess the financial management practices specifically the inefficiencies in donor funded water projects to support self sustainable, which eventually will help water entities to achieve sustainability To archive expectation, case study approach was used as means of study. GWI phase one implementation area used as a focal point. Interviews and questioner were used to collect primary data, while secondary data were collected by reviewing butch of documents used in implementation as mean of validating of primary data. SPSS software was used to analyse data which helps to present in form of table and figures which are easy to understand. Issues such as integration between financial planning / monitoring and organization strategies, preparation and sharing of financial information, level of streamlining revenue and source of income were among of financial management related indicators which ware scrutinized. Among of major findings, evidence shows that 65% of executives do not produce financial report decision are based on knowledge and not on reports presented. Revenue collection was weak by 74.7%, slightly improved by the kind of technology deployed where deep well scheme is contributing positive by 65%. The report emphasises the need for pricing based on achieving full cost recovery. To share findings exhausted from this research the most policy implication advice is to look water problem from financial management best practice perspective. Let’s make people accountable on their act or omission which causes non functionality of the water sector, people mast pay based on the value of water. Currently water is not as free gift from god. Also, let’s make people understand water entities the same as other business which are driven by surplus.
Economic viability of cotton cultivation in Magu District, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Lupimo, Berenatus
The study on the economic viability of cotton cultivation in Magu district carried out in Magu district. The study will be significantly important to different stakeholders like the cotton farmers, the government, investors and researchers in making economic decisions. The study presented into five chapters the introduction, literature review, research methodology, presentation of the research findings, data analysis and discussion, and summary, conclusion and recommendations. The objectives of the study includes study and analyze cotton production per hectare in Magu District, To study and analyze the cotton production costs in Magu district, To assess cotton production revenue in Magu District, and To find out Challenges facing cotton growers in Magu district. The data on study variables like costs, price, area under cotton, yield in kg, and outputs were gathered from significant respondent’s number of the population. Questionnaires were distributed to 120 cotton farmers‟ respondents, 4 district agricultural employees, 2 cotton board employees and 4 employees representing cotton buyers from the union cooperatives institutions. The obtained data were processed and analyzed using percentages, ratios, trends and break even points for establishing whether cotton production is economic viable. The conclusion on the study were made objective wise. And that cotton production in Magu district face deep rooted challenges which includes cotton price volatility, buying agent cheating, lack of education among farmers, lack of reliable source of cotton seeds, Nonuse of modern agricultural implements due to lack of centralized facilities, and Lack of collateral for loan from financial institutions. The cotton production in Magu district is not economic viable. Cotton production involves both fixed and variable costs, of the fixed cost has constituted large share.
Influence of working capital management in organization performance: A case study of Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Hamad, Akida
Working capital management has lately been a hot topic since the financial crisis of the late 2000’C, Companies search for liquidity and operational efficiency through minimizing their investment in working capital. How can influence of working capital management affect organization performance? This has been studies in this thesis. Specifically, the study was set in order to meet three objectives, namely; to analyze trend of Net Working capital at Zanzibar Social Security Fund, to assess the efficient of Net Working capital at ZSSF and to examine the contribution of net working capital to organization performance at ZSSF. To achieve these objectives, the study used a sample of 50 respondents who were randomly selected. Data collected by use of questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentary reviews were computed and analyzed by using SPSS computer software and Excel program. Tables and figures were used to helps the presentation of the findings. The efficient of working capital management can be determined by the working capital components such as cash, account receivables, account payables, inventories and other receivables. By testing five independent variables with organization performance by reducing cash, inventory and efficiency management of other components. The main findings indicate that ZSSF consider working capital management an important issue, yet some challenges appeared on efficiency on the payment of monthly pensionable amount to its pensioners. It is evident that the respondents placed greater emphasis or importance on the analysis of trend of net working capital, assessing the efficient of net working capital and contribution of net working capital to organization performance. Some effort is made to manage cash, accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable and other receivables independently of each other, however given the theory of working capital management; there may be room for improvement regarding the strategies, tactics and techniques used to manage these components. Furthermore, the findings suggest that working capital management is also strategic as it impacts on the liquidity, solvency/bankruptcy, efficiency, profitability and shareholder wealth maximization of the business. In light of the findings, it was recommended that ZSSF should improve the process of payments to its members and should ensure that benefits are paid timely and to the right person. Also, the comparative study of the research should be conducted in order to assess the influence of working capital management on the performance of various pension funds operated in Tanzania. As part of this study a further area for research should be empirical investigations into the impact of working capital on company performance specifically in the service sector industry, and here the case study approach could be considered.
Determinants of interest rate spread in commercial banks: A case study of selected local and foreign banks in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Aikoh, Kenedy Jeremiah
The behavior of interest rate spread in Tanzania for a very long period of time have been strong, high and persistently showing little signs of narrowing. When compared with other East African countries, interest rate spread in Tanzania seems to be the highest. It is this persistent and low narrowing trend of the interest rate spread which gave rise to the need of studying the factors which causes high interest rate spread in commercial banks in Tanzania. The overall objective of this study was to identify the Determinant of interest rate spread in commercial banks in Tanzania and comparing the interest rate spread between the selected banks. The determinants were ascertained from review of previous literatures. Related parameters from the selected determinants were studied for the chosen banks for the period between 2006 and 2012, a period after adoption of market determined interest rate regime. The study based on the secondary data from 28 quarters of published quarterly reports of the selected commercial banks and Bank of Tanzania quarterly economic bulletin publications. Multiple regressions were applied to establish relationship between the dependent variable, interest rate spread and the chosen independent variables which were non-interest income, provision for loan losses, non-performing loans, non-interest expenses, gross domestic product rate, treasury bills rate and inflation. The results from the study indicate that the key determinants of interest rate spread for the selected commercial banks are the treasury bills rate, TBillrate; Real GDP rate, Non-interest income, NII; Provision for loan losses, PLL and Non-performing loans, NPL. The results also show that the interest rate spread for the selected local commercial bank is higher than that of the selected foreign commercial bank. The policy implication from the study is that the high responsiveness of commercial banks spread to the treasury bills and real GDP rate needs to be regulated. This study can be extended by exploring the impact of financial sector development on interest rate spreads in commercial banking system.
Assessment of the factors affecting the revenue performance of value added tax in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Masalu, Gerald
The purpose of this study was to assess the factors affecting the revenue performance of VAT in Tanzania. A conceptual framework was developed using the indicators of the two aspects that is; the Factors affecting the revenue performance of VAT and the Revenue performance of VAT. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the administrative bottlenecks in TRA, to identify the effects in the VAT law and Regulations and at the end to suggest ways towards improvement of the revenue performance of VAT in Tanzania. A case study design was adopted. Sample sizes of 100 respondents were selected from Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke tax regions. Self- administered questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from all the three tax regions in Dar-es-salaam and the findings are presented in tables and charts. However, the multiple regression method using the SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Findings for this study were drawn from the administrative capability of TRA and the VAT law and Regulations. The TRA administration was analyzed in areas of manpower, taxpayer identification, taxpayer sensitization, taxpayer assessment and corruption and embezzlements. The findings revealed that; the means of fighting corruption and embezzlements affect the revenue performance of VAT positively. The VAT law and Regulations were analyzed in areas of registration threshold, VAT exemptions and VAT refunds. The findings revealed that, the perpetuation of VAT exemptions affect the revenue performance of VAT negatively as the government forgoes a lot of funds through these exemptions. There is a need to strengthen the means of fighting corruption and embezzlements so as to minimize chances of such acts. Legal actions should be taken to people found guilty. There is also a need to review the VAT Exemptions, minimizing them so as to achieve more revenue collections.
The performance of internal audit in managing organisation risk: A case study of Azania Bank Limited (head office)
(Mzumbe Universitry, 2013) Baltazari, Upendo
The purpose of this study was to examine the functions/roles of internal audit in assisting management in managing risk in organizations/institutions. Azania Bank Ltd was taken as a case study. The objectives of the study was to Identifying the functions and scope of internal audit in the company, Identifying the risks that Azania Bank Ltd face and how it affects their performance Identifying the role of internal audit in assisting management in managing risk at the Azania Bank Ltd and Examining strengths and weaknesses of internal audit in assisting management in managing risk in Azania Bank Ltd for provision of better services to the customers as a way of improving its performance. The study uses case study design and 50 was the sample and sampling technique include stratified sampling in which respondent are arranged in groups, data collection tools include interview, questionnaire, documentary review and physical observation The main findings of the study was Internal Audit Units in the selected areas lack autonomy mainly attributable to inadequate funding, involvement of Internal Auditors in non- audit work, inadequacy of staff training, Audit programs are prepared according to the set standards issued inadequate management support, internal audit staffs adhere to the ethical standards, Staff awareness of risk and management response to recommendations of the Internal Auditors report is very minimal. Researchers Recommends that Audit should be risk based audit, Identified risk before it occurs, Provision of risk education, Frequency inspection, Strong internal controls, Auditor’s independence and to increase numbers of staffs
An assessment of the challenges facing property tax collection system: A case study of Kinondoni municipal
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Raymond, Elibariki
Property tax is among the internal reliable and economical sources of revenue for the municipals since it is easy to collect when the system is effective. Efficiency in the property tax collection system depends on many things, the two (2) major things that are taxpayer education and the level of public service provide by the government in return. The purpose of this study was to assess the challenges facing property tax collection system in Kinondoni Municipal and to suggest measures to improve the situation. Data were collected from sampled lgas/tra officials and property taxpayers within the region. Questionnaires, observation and interview were the methods employed to collect data from the selected sample of 150 residents from Tandale, Manzese, Sinza, Kinondoni and Mikocheni. Statistical package spss was employed to facilitate the analysis of data which was done using descriptive statistics. Resistance from settlers who claims that they don’t see what their money does because they still live with garbage on their gates is the big challenge observed in this thesis. Unawareness of property tax, inadequacy in the system, obsolete database and long valuation procedures were also identified as challenge. to address the challenges, an immediate attention by the authorities responsible is required to tackle the challenges so as to make the system effective to get the desired results.