Accounting and Finance

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Welcome to the Accounting and Finance Community at the School of Business, Mzumbe University (SoB MUIR)! Our Institutional Repository is a central hub for academic excellence, featuring a wide range of research, theses,dissertations, and contributions from our faculty and students. We focus on the latest in financial management, accounting, and economic trends, encouraging researchers, students, and professionals to explore our work. Our community is dedicated to advancing knowledge, fostering innovation, and highlighting our achievements in accounting and finance. Join us as we contribute to the evolving field of financial education and research.

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The learning experiences of batik and tie and dye small-scale exporters in Arusha and Dar es salaam, Tanzania
(African Clothing and Footwear Research Network, 2005) Rasheli, G. A; Mosha, Goodluck E.
This study used the Learning Organization theoretical framework. It aimed at looking at how tie and dye and batik entrepreneurs are learning to export their products in both regional and international markets. The units of enquiry in this qualitative research were small-scale batik and tie and dye garment producers as well as firms involved in production and export. Arusha and Dar es Salaam were selected as areas of study because of their activeness in batik and tie and dye business. Seven cases from each town were selected with the snowballing technique being used, where one respondent was asked to identify the other. Primary data was collected for analysis using a structured interview guide. The results showed that the more experienced entrepreneurs learn how to export more than the relatively inexperienced ones, and there were more women entrepreneurs than men. That exporting had more children and dependents than those who sold locally. They learn e d to export to g e t m o re income to support their families. The impact of education was not clear as entrepreneurs with different levels are involved in export. Most export to the East African region. Entrepreneurs learn to export by participating in exhibitions, promoting their business, dealing with intermediaries and training received in their former jobs, including UNIDO, SIDO, ADAT, Tabata Development Fund and Anglican Development Agency. They also learn through work experience, networking, export procedures, business employees and also through solving customers’ complaints. Local authorities in areas where the batik business is active should help in training these people on marketing especially regionally and internationally. NGOs dealing with entrepreneurship should focus their training on marketing issues instead of dealing with production only. Since the study is a qualitative one with a small sample, a further survey is needed to quantify the results to make more general conclusions.
Financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania
(University of Greenwich (London), 2010) Nyamsogoro, G. Daniel
Abstract An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improves profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.
Financial sustainability of rural micro finance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania
(The University of Greenwich, 2010) Nyamsogoro, Ganka Daniel
Abstract An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists a simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improving profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.
Trade credit in the Tanzanian rice market
(University of Groningen, SOM research school, 2010-10-14) Kihanga, Ernest P.
To access "abstract" for this Thesis use this link : https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/197b89a2-c17c-4d00-80c7-b2ebe4c0bb12 Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
The Role of internal audit unit in safeguarding the public funds in local government authorities: The case of Sumbawanga Municipal council
(Mzumbe University, 2012) Mbasya, Ernest Baroma
The study aimed at looking on the role of Internal Audit Unit on Safeguarding Public Funds on Local Government Authorities ; the case of Sumbawanga Municipal Council. Safeguarding Public Funds on Local Government Authorities depends much the level of performance of the management and the IAU is supposed to check if the Management perform its duties according to the controls and guidelines, so the report of the IAU must reveal the level of performance of the management so if there is weaknesses we expect the IAU to be in the first line to reveal such weaknesses. Though there is IAU in SMC but still do not reveal the weak performance of the management of SMC. The objectives of the study were to identify the functions of the IAU in SMC so as to check why it does not reveal the weak performance of the management which causes the misuse of the public funds. The level of competence of the internal auditors was examined to see if they are competent to perform their work. The level of independence also was examined to check if they are independent in mind and appearance. The level of objectivity was examined to see if the internal auditors are free from conflict of interest in their normal works. Data for the study were collected by means of interviews and sample questionnaires in which a total of 90 respondents participated in the study. Research findings indicate that IAU has not done enough to safeguard Public funds in local governments because the section instead of ensuring that public funds are properly safeguarded , it ends-up with reports which do not reveal the misuse of the public funds so that many stakeholders recently decide to rely much on Safeguarding Public Funds like the CAG’s report. Based on these findings, it shows that the IAU in Sumbawanga Municipal Council failed to reveal the misuse of the public funds so as to make sure that the government officials accountable in various ways on safeguarding the public funds. Therefore, there is a need to check out the reporting channel of the IAU so as enable them to be more independent in their work for example the IAU have to report to the Internal Auditor General and not Municipal Director. There is a need also to provide on-job training so as to increase the level of competence and provision of proper guidelines and other support like adequate financial ability.
University entrepreneurship education in Tanzania : Teaching context, students’ profiles, expectations and outcomes
(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2012) Mwasalwiba, E.S.
This study assesses the impact of entrepreneurship education in Tanzanian universities. It explores the teaching methods, student profiles, expectations, and outcomes associated with these programs. Through mixed research methods involving qualitative and quantitative data from multiple institutions, the study finds that while university entrepreneurship education significantly influences students' entrepreneurial intentions, it faces challenges in meeting their expectations. Key factors affecting its effectiveness include misalignment of teaching objectives, limited practical engagement with local business contexts, and the need for better understanding of students' entry profiles. The findings suggest improvements for curriculum design and policy interventions to enhance the impact of entrepreneurship education in Tanzania
The impact of Tanzania social action fund on vulnerable household's poverty reduction: A case of Kigoma District Council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Nkala, Zubeda Eshton
This study was to determined the impact of on reduction of poverty in vulnerable households. The data were collected from two villages viz Mgaraganza and Mwamgongo of Kigoma district council and from the TASAF office of Kigoma district council. The specific objectives were to identify economic activities performed by vulnerable households, to ascertain types of socio-economic services which were accessed by recipient households for the TASAF II. Others were to determine success factors and challenges which were associated with the implementation of TASAF II and to suggest measures for improving contribution of TASAF II in reducing poverty to vulnerable groups. Thirty two beneficiaries were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Furthermore, a checklist was used to discuss together with Elders and Leaders from those two villages. The analysis was carried out using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer software where mean, frequencies and percentages were established. The results indicate that about 97 percent of the respondents interviewed had economic activities before project. Most of them were engaged in Agriculture (i.e. cassava, maize and beans production). Concerning TASAF II, they reported that the project performed better by enabling them to provide fees, food, medical and uniforms services to orphans at secondary schools. In general, majority of respondents in the study area agreed on project success. Furthermore, they agreed to face challenge of collecting grasses for cattle feeding. Even Elders keeping most vulnerable children faced the same problems. Further, they argued that for those groups engaged in fishing activities, they also faced challenges because of decrease of fish and dagaa in Lake Tanganyika that led into low income as compared to the target income. Following for the findings it is recommended that the support for vulnerable should be provided directly at a family level rather than groups. Further, any project pertaining to poverty alleviation through conventional approaches should empower the beneficiaries through certain training particularly on how best they could manage the concerned project
Impact of internal controls on execution of payroll system : A case study of Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs – Zanzibar (MoFEA)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Ahmada, Ridhwan I.
Many of the organizations’ activities are not attained due to poor or ineffective of internal controls system; with proper internal controls however guarantee the efficiency of a particular system (activities). Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the impact of internal controls on execution of payroll system to the Ministry of finance and economics affairs Zanzibar (MoFEA). The research methodology used case study research approach. A sample size of 60 respondents comprised of MoFEA employees and other staff working with the government of Zanzibar was involved. The methods of data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by using questionnaires and interview guides whereas a documentary review was used in a secondary method. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and simple calculations by calculator were used to analyze the data where simple frequencies and percentages were created. The study findings observed that, internal controls were available on the payroll system of the organization; these were 78.3% of the respondents. Specifically, 83.3% said that pay slips are issued, 65% segregation of duties is available, 95% block of salaries is exercised and 80% government payroll review is too exercised. Also the study revealed that some payroll activities were good enough for the efficiency of the payroll system. In addition to that, it was found that there was compliance of internal controls in relation to the payroll system through punishments and having responsible parties to monitor the compliance. The study however portrayed that, almost 31.7% of the total respondents said that there were some weaknesses in relation to internal controls over payroll system. Following these results the researcher therefore calls for the Ministry to analyze and take the corrective measures with those weaknesses of internal controls over payroll system. The ministry also should pay salaries based on time (attendance) as this will discourage employees being absent from their work, independent check by the auditor and governments’ payroll review should be carried on in a scheduled manner. i.e. at a regular interval.
Value Added Tax (VAT) compliance through use of Electronic Fiscal Device (EFD) in Tanzania : A case study of Musoma district in Mara
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Gwimile, Shaibu Rahibu
This study investigated about Value Added Tax (VAT) compliance through use of Electronic Fiscal Device (EFD) in Musoma District in Mara Tanzania. The study specifically examine the effect of EFD in filling, remittance and refund process to VAT collection, the effectiveness and efficiency of EFD in VAT collection, the trend of VAT compliance before and after use of EFD. A total of 40 respondents from TRA staff and VAT registered traders were used. The sample category involved 1 ARM - Audit, 1 ARM- Debt Management and Compliance Monitoring, 6 operational Staff obtained through purposive sampling and 32 VAT registered traders. The study employed case study research designs, while the research approach involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The data were gathered through closed ended questionnaires and semi structured interviews. Data were analysed through quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data was analysed by using SPSS version sixteen, descriptive and inferential statistic such as mean, standard deviation and pie chart were also used to present data. Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic and content methods and presented by statements. However, the data collected from interview still reveal that the use of EFD continue to face the challenge like lack of accountability and poor compliance to rules and regulation, lack of culture of paying tax voluntarily, ignorance and negligence of the VAT registered traders to comply with VAT Act together with its regulations. Moreover, data from interviews depicted various strategies for effective use of EFD in VAT collection like corroboration with other international agencies, improving the quality of the paper used in the EFD machine, educating taxpayers on the advantages of using EFD machine to their business and tax purpose in general, enforcement measures, provide motivation and incentives to employees and improve employee‟s wages and working conditions. The study is recommended to the TRA, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs and to the policy makers.
Effect of capital structure on performance of microfinance institutions: A survey of SACCOS’s in Shinyanga Municipal council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwakabumbe, Christina A.
This study aimed at assessing the effect of capital structure on performance of microfinance institutions in Shinyanga Municipal Council. The specific objectives for the study were to examine the relationship of cost of capital and profitability, also efficiency and effectiveness of SACCOS in relation to their capital structure. The researcher used instruments such as questionnaires, documentary review and interview to collect the data from respondents who were 37 members, 11 accountants, 7 managers, 10 chairpersons and 4 (four) cooperative officers. The qualitative data collected were analyzed using thematic approach while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Research findings reveled that, SACCOS in Shinyanga municipal use debt in large proportion than equity to finance their activities. As a result cost of capital (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) is very high compared to the profit generated. The profit generated is low for debt/equity financed SACCOS due to high cost of fund but is increasing for equity financed SACCOS due to low cost. Results also show that debt financed SACCOS provide various services to their members and in large quantity than equity financed SACCOS. Debt repayment is on time although others fail to pay and collapse for debt financed SACCOS but they are able to reach many people although excludes the very poor. However, results show that, management of SACCOS (whether it is Debt/Equity financed or Equity only financed) determines the performance of SACCOS especially in decision making. It can be recommended from the findings that, government should set regulations which limit amount to be borrowed by the SACCOS and interest rate charged by financers. Also SACCOSS’ members should assess benefits and challenges of different types of capital structure before choosing. But also management team selected should be good advisor for good performance of the SACCOS.
The effects of computerized accounting system on auditing process: A case study of Mtwara District council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kombo, Bhourat
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of computerised accounting system (CAS) on auditing process. Specifically the study aim to examine the contributions of CAS to the effectiveness and efficiency of the auditing process, to examine the factors affecting effectiveness and efficiency of auditing process in CAS, to identify problems organisation faces in CAS and to identify the problems encountered with auditing in CAS. The study was carried out at Mtwara district council (MDC), with sample size of 30 people who were purposely selected. Data were collected through questionnaires, observations and documentary. The collected data was processed using the statistical package (SPSS). Descriptive statistics and Cross tabulation were used to analyses data for the purpose of understanding the main characteristics of the research variables. The findings of this study revealed that the contributions of CAS to the effectiveness and efficiency of the auditing process is moderate. Knowledge of CAS, quality of audit planning, accountability concerns, responsibility awareness, ethical pressure, stakeholder forces, completeness of audit risk judgments and appropriateness of sample selected are the factors affecting effectiveness and efficiency of auditing process in CAS. Further more the findings indicated that, MDC encountered with the following problems in CAS; costs, competent personnel needs, the employee sharing password, the introduction of viruses, the loss of audit trail, lack of segregation of duties, and the potential for observing errors or fraud in CAs is less. And finally the researcher recommended that, the management should put much effort on training staffs to empower their skills and ability to work under computerized environment, and the management should also emphasize on segregation of duties in order to make internal control system more strong.
The impact of capital structure on financial performance
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Maila, Amani
The main purpose of this study was to explore the impact of capital structure (DE ratio) on financial performance of the firm, a case study of CRDB bank PLC Mwanza branch. The relation between return on equity (ROE) and capital structure, return on asset (ROA) and capital structure, earnings per share (EPS) and capital structure, as well as net profit margin (NP Margin) and capital structure for CRDB bank PLC for the previous fifteen years, 1998 to 2012 were investigated. To a great extent, the researcher did use secondary data. It is where by the financial statements of CRDB for the previous fifteen consecutive years, alongside with other relevant publications were acquired by the researcher for analysis. This enabled the researcher to have the basis for comparison as to the financial performance of CRDB from one financial period to another in relation to its capital structure for the corresponding periods. For that case, most of the data were quantitative based. On the other hand, primary data were used to a small extent. This was achieved mainly through interviews with CRDB bank staff members. However the impact of primary data as gathered from interviews and other explanatory variables was held constant as control variables. Only the impact of capital structure was analyzed. The data collected was processed and analysed descriptively by the use of tables, graphs, charts as well as the computerized data processing package known as SPSS. Regression analysis was run so as to find out the extent in which one variable explains the other. After a thorough analysis, conclusion was derived which details that the capital structure of CRDB bank has insignificant impact on financial performance, as measured by such particular comparable ratios. Finally recommendations were made as regards to the impact of capital structure on financial performance, as well as to the optimum level of capital structure through which CRDB bank can improve its financial performance
An analysis of strategic factors hindering the performance of small and medium industries in textile in Dar-Es-Salaam: Case study of Friendship Textile Company Ltd. (FTC)
(2013) Msemo, Daud H
In Tanzania Small and Medium Enterprises operations are facing challenging issues for their for their (SMEs) growth and survival in a competitive environment. This study has assessed strategic factors hindering the performance of SMEs in Textile Industry, SMEs in Tanzania are increasing in number due to unemployment, poverty, and availability of funds from different sources such as SACCOS‟s and bank. However, the government through the Ministry of Industry and Trade in its SMEs Development Policy (2002 and 2012) tries to set better business environment. The challenge to SMEs entrepreneurs is how to start a business, grow and sustain in the business environment. Competitive pressure range from micro-businesses to large businesses in each business industry an entrepreneur prefers to run business. The objective of this study was to assess hindering factors that lead to SMEs poor performance in Dar es Salaam. The research methodology used case study research design. A sample size of 35 respondents who comprised of Friendship Textile Company employees involved. Data collected was analysed by SPSS computer software The findings from the study on analysis on strategic factors hindering the performance of SMEs showed that, 50% of the respondents showed that FTC encounter competent personnel. On other hand, 69.3% of respondents showed that the SME facing lack of technology and expertise 42.3% of the respondents say SMEs facing financial limitation. However, 42.2% of respondents showed that fuel and power breakup are the most factors that hindering the growth of SMEs especial in startup stage while 46.2% of respondents indicated that lack adequate personnel in SMEs is another problems. The research adds to the argument for the majority of Tanzanian SMEs which are still need ,financial support to access credits from financial institutions and appropriate technology so as utilize the investment opportunities available for their economic development.
Effectiveness of internal audit roles in promoting good governance in local government authorities: A case study of Mtwara District council
(Mzumbe, 2013) Nalinga, Salima
The aim of this study was to find out the effectiveness of roles played by the internal auditors in promoting good governance in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania due to the fact that there has been an evolution in internal auditing. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of internal audit roles in MDC; relate the roles played by internal audit with promotion of good governance in MDC; identify the strength and weakness in the roles of internal audit in promoting good governance, to examine the extent to which the council’s management acts upon Internal Auditor’s recommendations in the MDC.Literature was reviewed in connection to the topic. Data was collected using interviews and administration of questionnaires in Mtwara District Council from where 40 employees were given questionnaires. A sample of 40 respondents was selected from various departments to represent MDC as a whole. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social scientist (SPSS). From the study, the researcher found out that, most of the employee at MDC has no knowledge on the roles played by internal auditors. Also, most of employees at MDC do not see the relevance of the internal audit activities in the MDC. The researcher also found out from the respondents that the internal audit unit in MDC is not well qualified professionals, motivated and also not well resourced so that internal auditors may help director reach their objectives. The conclusion drawn was that the internal auditors find it difficult to perform their specific responsibilities of preventing, and detecting fraud, errors, irregularities, misappropriation and misuse of public resources. This is because they do not have the needed logistics to enable them carry out their statutory duties. The staff is not well motivated in terms of remuneration, offices and regional accommodation. This affects their morale and does not motivate them to give off their best. The researcher therefore recommends that, public organizations are to be provided with qualified professionals, motivate them by way of higher incentives, training and so forth and government should provide them with necessary resources such as offices, computers and software.
Impact of internal controls on execution of payroll system : A case study of Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs – Zanzibar (MoFEA)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Ahmada, Ridhwan I.
Many of the organizations’ activities are not attained due to poor or ineffective of internal controls system; with proper internal controls however guarantee the efficiency of a particular system (activities). Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the impact of internal controls on execution of payroll system to the Ministry of finance and economics affairs Zanzibar (MoFEA). The research methodology used case study research approach. A sample size of 60 respondents who comprised of MoFEA’s employees and other staffs working with the government of Zanzibar was involved. The methods of data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by using questionnaires and interview guide whereas documentary review was used in secondary method. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and simple calculations by calculator were used to analyze the data where simple frequencies and percentages were created. The study findings observed that, internal controls were available on the payroll system of the organization; these were 78.3% of the respondents. Specifically 83.3% said that pay slips are issued, 65% segregation of duties is available, 95% block of salaries is exercised and 80% government payroll review is too exercised. Also the study revealed that some payroll activities were good enough for the efficiency of payroll system. In addition to that, it was found that there was compliance of internal controls in relation to the payroll system through punishments and having responsible parties to monitor the compliance. The study however portrayed that, almost 31.7% of the total respondents said that there were some weaknesses in relation to internal controls over payroll system. Following these results the researcher therefore calls for the Ministry to analyze and take the corrective measures with those weaknesses of internal controls over payroll system. The ministry also should pay salaries based on time (attendance) as this will discourage employees being absent from their work, independent check by the auditor and governments’ payroll review should be carried on in a scheduled manner. i.e. at a regular interval.
Impact of microfinance loans on the performance of SME’s: The case of SME’s in Mbeya Urban
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Fadhili, Mahenge B.
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) were established to fill the gap in the financial system in Tanzania that emerge following rejection of poor entrepreneur (marginalized group) by commercial banks in accessing debt capital. These MFIs provide an avenue whereby small and medium scale entrepreneur can now acquire capital to start or expand their business. Therefore researcher become interested to finds the impact of loan from MFIs on the performance of SMEs in Mbeya urban This was the survey study covered 100 SMEs found in Mbeya urban particularly Uyole, Sido and Mwanjelwa markets. Researcher adopted cross-sectional design due to limitations of dataset obtained from the respondents. They claimed to have no records for past financial year and therefore researcher had to collect only data that was available during the time he was making survey for data collection exercise from SMEs managers/owners. The study used both primary and secondary data, and in order to estimate impact of loans from MFIs on performance of SMEs researcher employed OLS regression because dataset contain continuous values and errors are independent and identically distributed (errors have equal variance), therefore according to Carter-Hill et al.(2001), suggest that, the model that contain continuous values as well as with residual that are uncorrelated and with equal variance can be correctly estimated by using the OLS regression analysis. Empirical findings of the study revealed that, loan has a direct impact on the performance of SMEs as the variables sales, assets and the number of employees has increased by applying a proxy of a natural logarithm of a variable debt (lndebts) Following the results of the study it is high time for further research to be conducted on the study area by using panel data methodology because it allow controlling for unobservable heterogeneity of individual firms as well as makes it possible to exclude biases deriving from the existence of individual effects (Gujarat, 2004)
Challenges of budgetary control system and its impact in management performance in local government authorities in Tanzania: Case study of Kisarawe district council (KDC)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kilangaly, Alex N.
This study intended to assess the challenges of budgetary control system in local government authorities in Tanzania. This study was based on a survey of local government authorities in Tanzania with intention to investigate the effectiveness of budgetary control system and its impacts on organization performance. The study was conducted in coast region at Kisarawe district council. The area of study was selected for a number of reasons. First; Coast region is near to Dar es Salaam which is the commercial city of Tanzania and headquarters of local government authorities, where high level of budgets preparation methods is expected and effectective budgetary control organs are also expected to be establish. The selections also based on expertise on budgetary control system are available. Second it was assured that Kisarawe is facing more challenges on budgetary control system than any other peripheral districts. Third the area is easily accessible, from Mzumbe University- Dar es Salaam Business School, whenever additional data of the study were needed. A sample of 50 out of 185 respondents, which was 37%, was selected for the study. The study on the sample revealed that: budgets are effectively prepared, local government authorities have reasonably effective budget control but the budgetary control system used in local government authorities is effective. The study conclude that incremental budgetary control system used in local government authorities in Tanzania is ineffective; and that the local government authorities should adapt to another budgetary control system; and zero-base budgeting system is more appropriate and suitable
Financial management practices: Inefficiencies for self sustainable on donor funded water projects : The case study of Global Water Initiatives Program phase I
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mapunda, Keneth N.
Financial management practices is the key role for self sustainability on donor funded water projects, and in Tanzania is the factor which undermine efforts for sustainability. Ability to pay to meet cost is the key essential issue in assuring sustainability. The main objective of the study is to assess the financial management practices specifically the inefficiencies in donor funded water projects to support self sustainable, which eventually will help water entities to achieve sustainability To archive expectation, case study approach was used as means of study. GWI phase one implementation area used as a focal point. Interviews and questioner were used to collect primary data, while secondary data were collected by reviewing butch of documents used in implementation as mean of validating of primary data. SPSS software was used to analyze data which helps to present in form of table and figures which are easy to understand. Issues such as integration between financial planning / monitoring and organization strategies, preparation and sharing of financial information, level of streamlining revenue and source of income were among of financial management related indicators which ware scrutinized. Among of major findings, evidence shows that 65% of executives do not produce financial report decision are based on knowledge and not on reports presented. Revenue collection was weak by 74.7%, slightly improved by the kind of technology deployed where deep well scheme is contributing positive by 65%. The report emphasizes the need for pricing based on achieving full cost recovery. To share findings exhausted from this research the most policy implication advice is to look water problem from financial management best practice perspective. Let’s make people accountable on their act or omission which causes non functionality of the water sector, people mast pay based on the value of water. Currently water is not as free gift from god. Also let’s make people understand water entities the same as other business which are driven by surplus .
Assessment of the effects of corporate governance codes on corruption in Tanzania’s public sectors
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Bajwalah, Asha Juma
This study intended to assess the effects of corporate governance codes on corruption in Tanzania. Specifically it had three objectives; to assess whether corporate governance codes were adhered to in public sector, to assess the impact that corporate governance codes had on corruption eradication campaign in public sector and, finally, to identify key challenges faced by the public sector on corporate Governance codes. The study had a sample of 40 respondents that were selected on a convenient basis in the ten selected public institutions. Due to time and financial constraints the study involved public institutions in Morogoro region only. The study was descriptive in nature and survey-based. Hence it used interview, questionnaire method in the collection of primary data and observations and documentation in secondary data. Findings from the field of study revealed the following; first corporate governance codes were adhered to within the selected public institutions and, secondly, corporate governance codes of ethics had an impact on eradicating corruption practices. Moreover, corporate codes enabled the achievement of transparency in the public conduct of government officials, enhanced accountability and adherence to professional ethics by the public sector staff. The study also identified key challenges in making the codes of ethics practical and these included lack of financial resources to assess effectiveness of corporate governance codes of ethics and awareness creation campaigns, absence of employees commitment to avoid corruption due to employees’ own behaviors, inefficiencies in public offices operations for instance payment to suppliers of various resources, negative attitudes of staff built on the existing codes of ethics and, lastly, lack of awareness on the roles played by the codes of ethics. In conclusion, the study suggested that in order to combat corruption in Tanzania and to improve the state of good governance, a systematic approach has to be undertaken. This involves effecting major changes to the current corporate codes of ethics as well as emphasizing on the need for board of directors and high government officials to make sure they work in the best interest of all individuals rather than for their selfgains
The effects of pension on labour mobility to civil servants in Tanzania: The case of Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwaikambo, Kaisi A.
The study focused on The Effects of Pension Mobility on Civil Servants in Tanzania, the case of Morogoro Municipality. Specific objectives of the study included: To find out the obstacles faced in pension mobility for civil servants in Tanzania; to determine factors contributing for the pension funds failure to operate to the best level to its employees; and to suggest credible measures to solve the problem in relation to civil servants pension mobility. The sample of the study was constituted by 52 respondents drawn from the population of 305. The methods of data collection that were used include: questionnaires, interview, observation and documentary review. The data collected were both primary and secondary. The data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. The analysis process entailed introduction, organization, and interpretation. The findings unveiled three major factors hindering pension mobility for civil servants in Tanzania, namely institutional framework failure, lack of seminars, and poor planning system of the government. However, it was found out that the most affected group were the cadre of teachers, Hospital Doctors, and the mere police group. The study concluded that there were conflicts of interests, including selfinterest threats, ethical issues faced by officials and employees in public administration practice, no equal balance of gender in holding top administration posts and that whosoever changed the job suffered capital loss to their benefits. The study recommended that there should be a Municipality seminar(s) initiative in the public servants. Collaboratively designing and delivering of workshops, conferences and formal training, financial management should be strengthened to make it more transparent, the civil service systems should stablish open, fair and merit based principles and practices to minimize favoritism, abuse and waste of public resources.