Environment, Poverty and Sustainable Development

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Use of chicken manure extract for biostimulation and enhancement of perchlorate rhizodegradation in soil and water media
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2007) Mwegoha, William J. S.; Mbuya, Odemari S.; Jai, Amita; Ugochukwu, Ngozi H.; Abazinge, Michael D.
The influence of biostimulation using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on rhizodegradation of perchlorate and plant uptake was studied under greenhouse conditions using soil and hydroponic bioreactors. One set of bioreactors planted with willow (Salix babylonica) plants was spiked with 300 mg L−1 DOC in the form of chicken manure extract, whereas a second set was not treated with DOC. A similar experiment without willow plants was run in parallel to the planted bioreactors. The planted soil bioreactors amended with DOC reduced perchlorate from 65.85 to 2.67 mg L−1 in 21 days for humic soil (95.95% removal) and from 68.99 to 0.06 mg L− 1 for sandy loam (99.91% removal) in 11 days. Nonplanted DOC treated soil bioreactors achieved complete perchlorate removal in 6 and 8 days for humic and sandy loam, respectively. Both planted and nonplanted soil bioreactors without DOC removed > 95% perchlorate within 8 days. Planted soil bioreactors respiked with perchlorate reduced perchlorate to nondetectable levels in 6 days. Hydroponics experiment amended with DOC reduced perchlorate from approximately 100 mg L− 1 to nondetectable levels within 7 to 9 days. Hydroponic bioreactors without DOC had low perchlorate removal rates, achieving 30% removal in 42 days. Leaf samples from sandy loam soil bioreactors without DOC had four times perchlorate phytoaccumulation than the DOC-treated plants. Similar results were obtained with the nonplanted bioreactors. Persistence of perchlorate in solution of planted hydroponic bioreactors without DOC amendment suggested that natural DOC from the plant exudates was not enough to biostimulate perchlorate reducing microbes. The hydroponic bioreactor study provided evidence that DOC is a limiting factor in the rhizodegradation of perchlorate.
The use of phytoremediation technology for abatement soil and groundwater pollution in Tanzania: opportunities and challenges
(Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 2008) Mwegoha, William J. S.
Contamination of soil and groundwater from anthropogenic sources is a major concern in many developing countries including Tanzania. Improper handling of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in many urban centers in Tanzania has often resulted into gas emissions and generation of leachate, which pose threat to the environment. Additionally, the use of pesticides for agricultural purposes is on the increase because of the need to improve crop production and control of pests, weed infestation and insect outbreaks. As a consequence, pesticide use has caused adverse contamination in soils and waters. The potentially negative impacts of these pesticide stocks on humans and the environment are of major concern. To make the situation more challenging, the country has experienced a substantially fast growth of the mining sector in many parts of the country over the past ten years, which has resulted in reported soil and water pollution from acid mine drainage with elevated concentrations of heavy metals. It is estimated that more than 30% of the Tanzanians depend on groundwater as their source of water. Most of the conventional methods for environmental remediation of these sites are expensive and often poorly implemented or not implemented at all. Thus, there is a clear need to develop new cost effective and environmentally friendly clean-up methods to remediate the contaminated areas in Tanzania. Phytoremediation is a relatively new and promising technology that uses plants to degrade, stabilize, metabolize or sequester potentially toxic compounds from the environment. This paper is aimed at assessing the potential of phytoremediation as a low-cost alternative, but which has yet to be studied and used in Tanzania.
Heavy metals accumulation in vegetables grown along the Msimbazi River in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(African Journals Online (AJOL), 2010) Kihampa, C; Mwegoha, William J. S.
Concentrations of cadmium, copper, chromium and lead was determined in four different edible vegetables namely Amaranthus blitum, A. gangeticus, Ipomea batata and Cucurbita maxima grown at four different sites along the contaminated Msimbazi River, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Analyses of these heavy metals were conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results obtained indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals range from below detection limit to 0.53, 0.14 to 29.08, 0.76 to 17.69, and below detection limit to 39.69 mg/100 g for cadmium, chromium, copper and lead, respectively. With exception to Ipomea batata, other vegetables contained at least two types of heavy metals with high concentrations beyond the permissible values recommended by FAO and WHO for human consumption. Concentrations of cadmium were within the acceptable limits for human consumption in all the vegetables investigated. This work, thus, seeks to provide information on levels of toxic heavy metals in leaves of edible vegetables irrigated with water contaminated by industrial and other anthropogenic effluents, and grown in contaminated soils along the Msimbazi River. The information can be used for monitoring processes to prevent excessive build-up in the food chain.
Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables grown in the vicinity of the closed dumpsite
(International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011) Kihampa, Charles; Mwegoha, William J. S.; Shemdoe, Riziki S.
Levels of heavy metals cadmium, lead, chromium, zinc and copper in five different edible vegetables, Amaranthus blitum, Vigna unguiculata, Ipomea batata, Solanum nigrum and Cucurbita maxima grown along the slopes of the closed dumpsite were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The extraction of heavy metals from the vegetables was done by dry ashing methods and data were analysed using Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel computer packages. Results obtained for five heavy metals in vegetables ranged between 0.28 and 1.50 mg/kg dw for cadmium; 0.49 and 20.65 mg/kg dw for lead; 1.15 and 29.39 mg/kg dw for chromium; 18.61 and 122.88 mg/kg dw for zinc and 3.96 and 22.47 mg/kg dw for copper. The levels of Zn, Cr, Pb and Cd were above the permissible levels of heavy metals in food as per FAO/WHO guidelines and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) standards. This implies that vegetables grown along the closed Mtoni dumpsite are not suitable for human consumption. This study highlights the potential risks involved in the cultivation and consumption of vegetables on plots along the dumpsites and irrigated with water contaminated with leachates effluents, a practice which may place at risk the health of the urban population who consume these vegetables.
The Effectiveness of community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Tanzania: A case of Mbeya City Council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Nguge, Josephine F.
This study was conducted in Mbeya City Council to examine the effectiveness of the community approach in solid waste management at household and street levels. It aimed to identify the roles played by the community in the management of solid waste, the impact of the community involvement in the management of solid waste, factors affecting community participation in the management of solid waste and stakeholders’ views in improvement of the solid waste management. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the household and street levels in Mbeya City Council. A sample size of 65 respondents was drawn using purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and observation were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software and presented in tables, figures, and text. The findings revealed that the community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Mbeya City Council is partially effective in consideration of Ghana, Mwakibete and Igawilo wards where 80 percent of the respondents are participating in collecting solid waste in waste bins at household level and then send them to the communal container (collection points) ready to be collected to the dump site, it is less effective at street level where only 20 percent of the respondents were paying for solid waste collection fee thus accumulation of solid waste at collection points. This has contributed to poor service provision on solid waste management by the city council. The study recommended that, education should continue to be given to the community so that they will understand the benefit to be obtained when solid wastes are well managed; urban local authorities should make faster decisions in involving community based organizations (CBOs) and private investors to help them in the solid waste provision services. Also enforce the existing bylaws so that everyone who generated waste has to manage them by having containers at their locality for collecting the solid waste and pay waste collection fee at street level thus reduced load to the city and ensure effective management at household and street level.
An assessment of high human population density and its impacts on land resources in Moshi district council, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Alphonce, Emmanuel
This study attempted to assess the impacts of high human population density on land resources in Moshi District Council. Generally, other studies show that, developing countries experiencing the high demographic pressures while land resource to support the growth is fixed or limited and the mechanisms to adapt to, grow very slowly. Specifically, there is an extremely high human population density in areas around Kilimanjaro, especially in the Moshi District Council. This leads to land shortage that would be useful for agricultural production and infrastructure development, poor settlement planning, land use conflicts, land degradation, and serious environmental implications that can be linked to the increase of poverty level including lack of employment to the youth. This study used a case study design and sampling techniques based on purposive/non probability sampling and simple random sampling/probability sampling, while the sample size of a hundred respondents that was taken, was based on Nassiuma’s formula. The type and source of data were entirely on primary and secondary sources related to the study topic studied. The methods of data collection based on, written questionnaires/structured interview for key informants and field respondents, field observation of human settlement arrangement and cultivation areas. The documentary technique based on, written sources/secondary sources i.e. related reports, population census, books, and internet. Finally, the data were analyzed and presented with descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency, graphs and tables. This was done by using the Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Microsoft Excel was used to produce charts and graphs and Microsoft Word was used in compiling and writing up the reports.
Community participation for sustainability of rural water schemes: a case of CHAMAVITA water schemes in Lushoto District
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mdendemi, Patience Placid
This study assesses community participation for sustainability of rural water schemes in rural areas. Two villages of Emao and Nkelei were taken as a case study. The methodology applied to assess community participation was thoroughly discussed to see the extent of community involvement at different stages of the project. The techniques used included interviews, questionnaires, focused group discussions, physical observation and literature review. A total of 100 respondents were interviewed 92 of whom were project beneficiaries. The study found that community participation in the study area took different forms at the different stages of the project cycle. The nature and extent of participation for the majority of local communities was generally limited to information giving, consultation and contribution. Local communities were generally not involved in decision making, planning, monitoring and evaluation. The key factors in participation are staff with knowledge and skills on participatory approaches, continuous community sensitisation and mobilisation. Poverty was found to be the main inhibitor of local community participation. Other factors are contradicting policies and approaches of different agencies inflexible organisational policies, poor community leadership and dependency. The study also found that participatory approach leads to water project sustainability only when the elements of project sustainability are considered at the early stages. Capacity building was significant when it trained community water attendants and when it formed local communities or water user groups to carry out project activities for immediate intervention. The study concluded that little attention was given to community involvement at different stages of project implementation and that this threatened future sustainability of the water schemes. There was ineffective community participation in both villages. Lastly the study recommends firstly that water attendants and WC members should be trained, secondly that there should be periodic sensitization seminar on O &M, finally that the community should be involved in all stages of project development.
Governance instruments and liquid wastes management in urban industrial areas of Tanzania: a case of Morogoro textile industry
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwakaboko, Humphrey Donald
This research aimed at examining how governance instruments are applied in managing liquid wastes, its efficiency and effectiveness in the Morogoro Textile Industry. A case study research design was used and eighty-three (83) respondents were interviewed by using questionnaires and participant observations. Data collected were presented using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, version 16) and analysed using percentages, graphs, and tables. The findings show that, the Morogoro textile industry does not implement all the governance instruments for waste management, the applied one is 48.3% recycling, 16.7% environmental regulation, 6.7% environmental policy and 28.3% environmental standards, and the liquid waste management system/programs adopted by the Morogoro textile industry were less effective and efficient. The findings show that, 60% of workers were not satisfied with the situation of liquid waste management practices in the industry and 28.3% were less satisfied and 11.7% were completely dissatisfied. About 75% of the community said that no any environmental education concerned liquid waste was provided to them, while 25% they do not recall if there was environmental education provided to them. This study recommends improving infrastructures of waste collection and treatment plant, adhering to the rules and regulations from NEMC, applying governance instruments properly, improving the working environment for employees, to improve environmental education and public awareness to the people. The existing technologies need to be updated to minimize liquid wastes produced. Recycling and re-use of liquid wastes and adoption of cleaner or low liquid waste technologies should be emphasized. To date there is no policy for liquid waste management at the national level, thus the government should formulate a liquid waste management policy accompanied by the enabling legislation, to regulate the operations in liquid waste management.
An assessment of beach management units in combating illegal fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania: a case of Bukoba district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kashililika, Edwin Wakisa
The study is about an assessment of the Beach Management Units in combating illegal fishing with specific reference to Bukoba District. The aim of the study was to identify factors leading to ineffective performance of Beach Management Units in combating illegal fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Ninety-six (96) respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires also information collected from a fishery official at District and Regional level by focused group discussion. Descriptive data were analyzed by the descriptive analysis method and SPSS 20 version and presented in frequencies. The findings revealed that the performance of the BMUs is poor because of, lack of boats for patrol (fishery patrol vessel), lack of source of revenue, difficult to get information about illegal fishing, BMUs leaders were found to be part of illegal fishing, also intimidation to BMUs’ leaders by big fishers who practiced illegal fishing and lastly voluntarism nature of work demoralizes the BMUs leaders to concentrate in combating illegal fishing. Given the above-mentioned reasons fueling illegal fishing, this study recommends local and Central Government to support the BMUs to improve its performance to achieve the sustainable and equitable exploitation of fishery resources. The basic support recommended include: Adequate funds to support their operations including the purchase of the fishery patrol vessel, awareness raising/sensitization to local authorities and community living along Lake Victoria shores on the importance of these Community-Based Organizations in combating illegal fishing, the impact of illegal fishing and how to provide information to the BMUs leadership about illegal fishing.
The effects of informal settlements on environmental management in Temeke Municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwamhanga, Evaristo Benitho
This study examined the effects of informal settlements on environmental management. Specifically, it aimed at identification of the socioeconomic effects of informal settlements on environmental management, examination of community role in environmental management in informal settlements and determination on the strategies that will improve environmental management in the study area. The study was conducted in Temeke Municipality and Keko ward in particular. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires while secondary data were collected through interview. The study involved 102 respondents in which 95 were household respondents and 7 were key informants. Data collected were subjected to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), multiple response and Chi-square for analysis. The study findings revealed that, socioeconomic effects of informal settlements have contributed negatively to environmental management. It was found that community role was ineffective to manage environments in informal settlements. It was further disclosed that environmental education, provision of environmental infrastructure and implementation of bylaws were found to be appropriate strategies for better environmental management in Temeke Municipality. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that, the Temeke Municipality Council should prepare an effective municipal environmental policy to address environmental problems occurring in informal settlements. Strategies such as provision of environmental education, public and private sector partnership creation of dumping sites and adequate supply of facilities for environmental management through clearly organized programmes, plans and projects should be used to improve the sustainability of environmental resources at the household, Streets and Ward with an emphasis of reversing the negative effect of informal settlements on environmental resources. Finally, areas including environmental education and community participation in environmental management were suggested for further studies.
The effectiveness of community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Tanzania : A case of Mbeya City Council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Nguge, Josephine F.
This study was conducted in Mbeya City Council to examine the effectiveness of the community approach in solid waste management at household and street levels. It aimed to identify the roles played by the community in the management of solid waste, the impact of the community involvement in the management of solid waste, factors affecting community participation in the management of solid waste and stakeholders’ views in improvement of the solid waste management. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the household and street levels in Mbeya City Council. A sample size of 65 respondents was drawn using purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and observation were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software and presented in tables, figures, and text. The findings revealed that the community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Mbeya City Council is partially effective in consideration of Ghana, Mwakibete and Igawilo wards where 80 percent of the respondents are participating in collecting solid waste in waste bins at household level and then send them to the communal container (collection points) ready to be collected to the dump site, it is less effective at street level where only 20 percent of the respondents were paying for solid waste collection fee thus accumulation of solid waste at collection points. This has contributed to poor service provision on solid waste management by the city council. The study recommended that, education should continue to be given to the community so that they will understand the benefit to be obtained when solid wastes are well managed; urban local authorities should make faster decisions in involving community based organizations (CBOs) and private investors to help them in the solid waste provision services. Also enforce the existing bylaws so that everyone who generated waste has to manage them by having containers at their locality for collecting the solid waste and pay waste collection fee at street level thus reduced load to the city and ensure effective management at household and street level.
An assessment of high human population density and its impacts on land resources in Moshi district council, Tanzania
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Alphonce, Emmanuel
This study attempted to assess the impacts of high human population density on land resources in Moshi District Council. Generally, other studies show that, developing countries experiencing the high demographic pressures while land resource to support the growth is fixed or limited and the mechanisms to adapt to, grow very slowly. Specifically, there is an extremely high human population density in areas around Kilimanjaro, especially in the Moshi District Council. This leads to land shortage that would be useful for agricultural production and infrastructure development, poor settlement planning, land use conflicts, land degradation, and serious environmental implications that can be linked to the increase of poverty level including lack of employment to the youth. This study used a case study design and sampling techniques based on purposive/non probability sampling and simple random sampling/probability sampling, while the sample size of a hundred respondents that was taken, was based on Nassiuma’s formula. The type and source of data were entirely on primary and secondary sources related to the study topic studied. The methods of data collection based on, written questionnaires/structured interview for key informants and field respondents, field observation of human settlement arrangement and cultivation areas. The documentary technique based on, written sources/secondary sources i.e. related reports, population census, books, and internet. Finally, the data were analysed and presented with descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency, graphs and tables. This was done by using the Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Microsoft Excel was used to produce charts and graphs and Microsoft Word was used in compiling and writing up the reports.
The effects of informal settlements on environmental management in Temeke municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwamhanga, Evaristo B.
This study examined the effects of informal settlements on environmental management. Specifically, it aimed at identification of the socioeconomic effects of informal settlements on environmental management, examination of community role in environmental management in informal settlements and determination on the strategies that will improve environmental management in the study area. The study was conducted in Temeke Municipality and Keko ward in particular. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires while secondary data were collected through interview. The study involved 102 respondents in which 95 were household respondents and 7 were key informants. Data collected were subjected to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), multiple response and Chi-square for analysis. The study findings revealed that, socioeconomic effects of informal settlements have contributed negatively to environmental management. It was found that community role was ineffective to manage environments in informal settlements. It was further disclosed that environmental education, provision of environmental infrastructure and implementation of bylaws were found to be appropriate strategies for better environmental management in Temeke Municipality. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that, the Temeke Municipality Council should prepare an effective municipal environmental policy to address environmental problems occurring in informal settlements. Strategies such as provision of environmental education, public and private sector partnership creation of dumping sites and adequate supply of facilities for environmental management through clearly organized programmes, plans and projects should be used to improve the sustainability of environmental resources at the household, Streets and Ward with an emphasis of reversing the negative effect of informal settlements on environmental resources. Finally, areas including environmental education and community participation in environmental management were suggested for further studies
Community participation in solid waste management in Kigoma urban a case study of Kigoma ujiji municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Luvakule, Deogratius Gaston
Achieving full and effective community participation in development activities is a hard task. However, it has been a key element to project development and sustainability. The inability of municipalities to handle the increasing amount of waste generated is a growing problem in many African cities. This study conducted in KigomaUjiji Municipality 2013, attempts to address the problem of solid waste management by looking at community participation on waste management issues. Solid waste in Kigoma Ujiji Municipality mostly are generated during the extraction of raw materials, processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, consumption of final products, and other human activities such as agriculture, fishing, construction, demolition and carpentry. Different methods of waste disposal for example, dumping and land fill leads to attraction of vermin example rats and mice which harbours diseases, dumping generate leachate which contaminate underground water, production of gas (carbon dioxide and methane) which produce unpleasant odor, green house gases and kills surface vegetation. Plastic bags when thrown in the farm reduces filtration of water into the soil, leading to low fertility of soil and low agricultural production also harbor mosquitoes and other pathogenic organisms. Eruption of diseases such as malaria, typhoid, and cholera can occur, especially when the plastic bags obstructed sewage system. Plastic bags lose attraction of the area. Burning of waste material and dust from industries can cause respiratory problems and air pollution to people and all these problems can lead to climatic change/global warming. This study recommended best ways which can make the environment clean. People have to pay for collection and transportation of solid waste, the community has to change attitude and culture. In doing so, one day we would have a clean Municipality
An assessment of beach management units in combating illegal fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania: A case of Bukoba district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kashililika, Edwin W.
The study is about An Assessment of the Beach Management Units in combating illegal fishing with specific reference to Bukoba District. The aim of the study was to identify factors leading to ineffective performance of Beach Management Units in combating illegal fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Ninety six (96) respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires also information collected from a fishery officials at District and Regional level by focused group discussion. Descriptive data were analyzed by the descriptive analysis method and SPSS 20 version and presented in frequencies. The findings revealed that the performance of the BMUs is poor because of, lack of boats for patrol (fishery patrol vessel), lack of source of revenue, difficult to get information about illegal fishing, BMUs leaders were found to be part of illegal fishing, also intimidation to BMUs’ leaders by big fishers who practiced illegal fishing and lastly voluntarism nature of work demoralizes the BMUs leaders to concentrate in combating illegal fishing. Given the above mentioned reasons fueling illegal fishing, this study recommends local and Central Government to support the BMUs to improve its performance to achieve the sustainable and equitable exploitation of fishery resources. The basic support recommended include: Adequate funds to support their operations including the purchase of the fishery patrol vessel, awareness raising/sensitization to local authorities and community living along Lake Victoria shores on the importance of these Community-Based Organizations in combating illegal fishing, the impact of illegal fishing and how to provide information to the BMUs leadership about illegal fishing
Assessment of energy efficient rocket stoves contribution on deforestation control in Tanzania: A case study of Chamwino District in Dodoma Region
(2015) Gerome, Annamaria Cornelius
Deforestation is undeniable fact that it is a worldwide environmental concern. This study assessed contribution of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in deforestation control at household level in Chamwino District whereby it specifically examined adoption and adaptive use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology. It also explored the impact of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in rate of deforestation and identified challenges in adoption and use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in the study area. The study involved 114 respondents including randomly selected 100 households and 14 purposely selected key informants such as WEO, VEO, DEMO, FO and STT Officers. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation and documentary review. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data were analysed through content analysis based on emerging themes. Moreover, forest cover change was assessed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014, ArcGIS 10.2.2, Google Earth and Microsoft Office Excel. Findings showed that, even though the majority (60%) revealed the fact that rocket stoves are efficient in terms of firewood, adoption was only high initially due to promotion by STT project and perceived benefit, later as the project phased out, adoption decreased due to loss of hope and socioeconomic barriers. Even those who adopted the stoves, only few (27%) had adaptive use as the majority turned into use of traditional stoves because the majority (84%) faced challenges in use of the stoves. Among the challenges were easy breaking of the stove, costs of running the stove when broken and cutting of wood into small pieces. Moreover, it was revealed that the rate of deforestation is still increasing despite the introduced stoves. It was therefore concluded that rocket stoves have not helped in control of deforestation. Hence, it was recommended that, people should respond positively towards such projects so that forests are sustained for both present and future generations. Also, the implementers should continue to visit the areas and work on the existing challenges so as to ensure effective adoption as well as use of the stoves even after the phase is off.
Assessment of energy efficient rocket stoves contribution on deforestation control in Tanzania, a case study of Chamwino district in Dodoma region
(Mzumbe University, 2015) Gerome, Annamaria Cornelius
Deforestation is undeniable fact that it is a worldwide environmental concern. This study assessed contribution of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in deforestation control at household level in Chamwino District whereby it specifically examined adoption and adaptive use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology. It also explored the impact of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in rate of deforestation and identified challenges in adoption and use of energy efficient rocket stoves technology in the study area. The study involved 114 respondents including randomly selected 100 households and 14 purposely selected key informants such as WEO, VEO, DEMO, FO and STT Officers. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation and documentary review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis based on emerging themes. Moreover, forest cover change was assessed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014, ArcGIS 10.2.2, Google Earth and Microsoft Office Excel. Findings showed that, even though the majority (60%) revealed the fact that rocket stoves are efficient in terms of firewood, adoption was only high initially due to promotion by STT project and perceived benefit, later as the project phased out, adoption decreased due to loss of hope and socioeconomic barriers. Even those who adopted the stoves, only few (27%) had adaptive use as the majority turned into use of traditional stoves because the majority (84%) faced challenges in use of the stoves. Among the challenges were easy breaking of the stove, costs of running the stove when broken and cutting of wood into small pieces. Moreover, it was revealed that the rate of deforestation is still increasing despite the introduced stoves. It was therefore concluded that rocket stoves have not helped in control of deforestation. Hence, it was recommended that, people should respond positively towards such projects so that forests are sustained for both present and future generations. Also, the implementers should continue to visit the areas and work on the existing challenges so as to ensure effective adoption as well as use of the stoves even after the phase is off.
Effects of Human Settlement and Activities on Water Resources in Morogoro region.
(Mzumbe University, 2015) Semdoe, Mohammed S
This study aimed at assessing the magnitude of the effects of human settlement and activities on water resources in line with the roles of IWRM Approach on ensuring equitable, economically sound, and environmentally sustainable management of water resources and provision of water services. The study objectives were specifically to assess the effects of human settlement and activities on water supply, water distribution, and water quality; the capacity of local institutions on water resources management, the effectiveness of fees system on water resources management, and the stakeholder’s involvement on planning water resources management. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study was conducted using cross sectional design where a total of 88 representative households were selected and interviewed. The study also involved two Focus Group Discussions to gather information necessary for in-depth analysis. The findings show that, the study area is dominated by agricultural activities as the main source of income. Human activities effects include; the problems in water supply, distribution, and quality which leads to slowing down of domestic and commercial activities; risk in drinking untreated water from open wells or surface waters; workload of women in the households becomes very heavy; too much time is wasted in search of water; of which only 40.9% of the respondents travel a short distance to access water services, also 31.8% of the respondents spent about 60 minutes in finding and fetching water for their families. Some water borne-diseases outbreak like diarrhea and cholera have been experienced in the study area. IWRM approach is not well rooted at village level, although few aspects of approach have been well implemented in the study area. Additionally, the study finds that; the National Water Policy (2002) is not much publicized to the local community; therefore, the local leaders in the study area especially at village and ward levels are not aware about the policy.
Contribution of sustainable street vending to municipal solid waste management in Tanzania: a case of Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Apolo, Didas
This study provides an over view on the contribution of sustainable street vending to the municipal solid waste management in Tanzania a case of Morogoro Municipality. The main objective of this study was to determine the contribution of sustainable street vending to municipal solid waste management in Tanzania. The specific objectives were to examine the perception of street vendors on municipal solid waste management in Morogoro Municipality, to assess strategies used by street vendors to mitigate solid waste production in Morogoro Municipality, to assess strategies used by the Municipal government to ensure Sustainable street vending for sustainable SWM in Morogoro Municipality and to determine street vendors involvement in solid waste management in Morogoro Municipality. Mixed methods research design was employed. Questionnaires, interview and observation methods were used in data collection. The study had a sample of 96 respondents from: street vendors, environmental officers, ward health officers and sweeper leaders. Probability and non-probability sampling were used in which quasi-simple random was used to obtain a sample of street vendors and purposive sampling was applied to obtain the key informants. Data were analyzed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative descriptive analysis was done using frequencies and percentage, while qualitative employed content analysis. The findings revealed that street venders were not willing to participate in municipal solid waste management due to their negative perception towards the municipal solid waste management. The majority of street venders were found to have low level of knowledge on solid waste management. They also, neither had ID nor license as a strategy that contributes to sustainable municipal solid waste management in Morogoro Municipality. The study findings contribute to the knowledge on how municipals can mobilize resources for sustainable solid waste management. The study recommended that knowledge on solid waste management should be provided to street vendors for the purpose of influencing them to participate in municipal solid waste management. Lastly municipal council should develop and implement well integrated solid waste management action plan by involving street vendors.
A review of co-management interventions in the Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania
(African Journals Online (AJOL), 2018) Mwegoha, William J. S.
This paper presents appraisal of Co-Management Interventions (CMI) focusing on their successes and challenges associated with the environmental and social aspects carried out as part of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, Phase Two (LVEMP-II) in Tanzania. A total of 23 sub-projects were appraised in accordance with the Environmental Management Act in four regions in Tanzania. The effectiveness of the appraisal process, including involvement of different parties, was assessed during the whole project cycle. Long delays in the process by the National Environment Management Council have often created a time conflict with the implementation schedule falling behind and delaying projects. Challenges relating to policy, regulatory and institutional issues for selected projects are discussed and recommendations for refining the assessment process are made.

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