Development Policy

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Applicability of information and communication technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in selected teachers colleges in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Noyi, Said
This study investigated the applicability of Information and Communication Technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in teachers' colleges in Mara Regions in Tanzania. The study specifically examined the extent to which the ICT is applied by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs, identifies the challenges facing tutors when applying ICT in the teaching and learning process in TCs and establishes the strategies for effective use of ICT by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs. A total of 46 participants from one diploma teachers college and grade A teachers college were used. The sample category involved 2 principals, 2 heads of ICT departments, 2 academic deans obtained through purposive sampling and 40 tutors obtained through simple random sampling. The study employed exploratory research designs, while the research approach involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The data were gathered through closed-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observation and documentary review. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data was analysed by using SPSS version sixteen descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used to present data. Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic and content methods and presented by statements. The findings show that the tutors' ICT applications are commonly applied while the rest are not because of a lack of ICT knowledge or skills and infrastructure support. Major problems faced were personal or college based such as insufficiency in ICT knowledge and skills, lack of technical support and inadequacy of ICT facilities. Strategies to be applied should be personal-based, college based and ministry based. Study recommendations were based on teachers' colleges including principals of the college, academic deans, heads of ICT departments and tutors and the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training including teacher's departments and ICT units. Additionally, there is a need to review Education and Training Policy (ETP) of 1995 to accommodate changes in time that are occurring everywhere in the world.
An analysis of challenges facing folk development colleges in the Southern Highlands zone, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kalole, Josephine G.
This study examined the challenges which faced the development of FDCs in the Southern Highland Zone of Tanzania. It was inspired by the fact that FDCs’ development was moving backward and the challenges were less known. The study specifically identified the causes of the challenges facing FDCs, found out how the challenges facing FDCs in the southern highlands zone of Tanzania could be addressed, and explored measures for strengthening FDCs. The study used a cross-sectional research design with a sample of 36 respondents who were selected though convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews, and documentary review methods. They were analyzed by using SPSS and Microsoft Word for text processing and editing. The study shows that inadequate facilities, poor infrastructure, shortage of qualified personnel, inadequate technological tools, and community’ negative attitude were the challenges which affected FDCs in the study areas. The effects of those challenges were lack of qualified teachers, poor teaching, drop outs, students’ poor performance, students’ failure, unwillingness to teach, teachers’ resignation, and hence bad reputation of FDCs. Measures such as enough budget allocation for FDCs, employing adequate qualified personnel, increasing facilities, involving stakeholders in planning, were proposed. There was also a need to strengthen FDCs through involving development partners, conducting fundraising activities, staff capacity building. Relevant recommendations are made.
The impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on performance of Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Isote, Lynnchristine Gregory
This study aimed at exploring the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on performance of Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC). The study focused on examining ICT technologies available at TPC; assessing efforts used to improve product innovation in TPC; assessing performance trends before and after adoption of ICT in TPC and exploring customer responsiveness towards TPC services in the era of ICT. The study adopted a case study research design to attain its objectives. The sample size for the study was 62 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used whereby questionnaire, interviews, observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used in analysis, while data from in depth interviews were analyzed qualitatively. In this study, it was found that ICT technologies available at TPC include: computers, telephone and internet. Also, findings revealed that there was a statistically insignificance increase in performance before adoption of ICT and after adoption of ICT, whereby profitability of items posted in mails and logistic business, financial and agency business and courier business was assed, also Return on Asset and Marginal ratio were used as indicators. The eta squared statistic was applied and the results indicated very small effect size. In addition to that, the study revealed that customers still needed TPC services in the era of ICT in spite of development of other forms of communication like emails, mobile phones and internet. This study recommends increasing the government support to TPC by improving physical infrastructure and providing vehicles for transporting mail and parcel so that it can fulfill the major obligations of universal postal services to the customers so as to ensure efficiency in TPC operations. In order for TPC to enjoy the fruits of ICT on its performance, it must speed up the way of adopting ICT so as to ensure significance increase in performance. Finally, it is recommended that TPC must raise its trustworthiness, improve customer care, strengthen their network, improve their services and cope with market competition.
The contribution of World vision on poverty alleviation through Agricultural interventions- in Tanzania: a case of Kinampanda area development programme-Iramba singida
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mwendi, Romwald D.
The study was conducted in Kinampanda division in Iramba, Singida. The main purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of world vision on poverty alleviation through agricultural intervention. Specifically, the study aimed to examine agricultural activities supported by Kinampanda ADP at household level, assess the accessibility of agricultural interventions supported by Kinampanda ADP to households, investigate the implementation of agriculture intervention by Kinampanda ADP to households, and explore the household expenditure and savings of profit gained from agricultural intervention. In examining agricultural activities supported by Kinampanda ADP at household level, the study findings show that Kinampanda ADP supported households with agricultural trainings, provision of improved farming input and implements and linking them with credit societies. On assessing the accessibility of agriculture intervention supported by Kinampanda ADP to households, the findings revealed that Kinampanda is working best with farming groups and support them in terms of cost sharing. On investigating the implementation of agriculture intervention by Kinampanda ADP to households, the study revealed that, there was increase of cultivated acres, crops productivity and surplus as compared to the time before and after the intervention. Lastly, on exploring the house hold expenditure and savings of profit gained from agricultural interventions, the study revealed that, small household farmers increased their income, own valuable assets, being able to pay for basic needs as well as ability to pay for education and health services. Conclusion, the study revealed that, Kinampanda agricultural interventions have resulted to poverty alleviation as compared to situation before the interventions. The study recommend that Government together with Kinampanda ADP to continue linking small farmers with credit societies to get loans for better operation of their agricultural activities.
Assessment of money laundering prevalence in commercial banks of Tanzania: A case study of ten commercial banks operating in Tanzania
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mduda, Maria
The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of money laundering in commercial banks operating in the United Republic of Tanzania. Both purposive and simple sampling methods were used to select 10 out of 45 commercial banks operating in the United Republic of Tanzania specifically Dar es Salaam due to time and financial constraints. Both secondary and primary methods for collecting data were used. Semi-structured in-depth interview questions were employed as the main instrument for collecting primary data and the collected data were analyzed. The findings indicated that 100% of the respondents from all commercial banks have knowledge and are aware of money laundering. Most commercial banks have taken several measures to mitigate the effects imposed by money laundering such as conducting money laundering awareness training programs, complying and cooperating with BOT and other international anti money laundering policies, and strengthening know your customer controls (KYC). Furthermore efforts made by the government have helped commercial banks fight money laundering by Creating awareness, and reducing the risk of operations. The researcher recommends that the government has to educate its citizens on money laundering and commercial banks need to conduct ongoing money laundering training programs to their staff and customers. Commercial banks should also ensure that there are internal procedures, policies and audit functions to test the system and ensure adequate compliance. Also the study found that good governance is an important tool for successful fight against money laundering and terrorists financing. And the government has to support the regulatory agencies for money laundering in implementing the Money laundering Act of 2007 as amended in 2012 by providing it with the advanced information technology systems and equipments, sufficient investigative, competent and committed professionals reduce corruption and bring transparency and regulatory agency shouldn’t be politically interfered by the government
Local institutions and water resources management in urban areas of Tanzania:The case of Mazimbu ward in Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Seluhinga, Hilda P
The study explored involvement and participation of local institutions in water resources management in Mazimbu Ward within Morogoro Municipality. The study employed a case study design where data were collected using questionnaires and supplemented by interviews (primary data) from three categories of respondents, namely community members, MORUWASA staffs and local leaders. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 6. The findings revealed that more than Tsh 86,000/= was charged to the community members in getting water pipe per month. Nearly 44% of the community members were using private water tapes from their neighbourhood, who were connected from the main pipes. Public tapes were not operating well as institutions concerned were not repairing them as a time of leakages occurred for about 56%. Further it was reported that 36% of water resources management and protection rules and procedures were not cascaded down to the grassroots level hence rendering community involvement exercise difficult and unpractical at about 64%. This study recommends providing education to community members; also, water bills to be affordable, water pipes repair and maintenance should be done by the members themselves by organizing or forming a committee which will collect money through visiting one street after another and private water pipes installation should be discouraged. These can enhance the community involvement and reduce the complications that occur due to water scarcity. Therefore, further investigation is needed on local institutions and water resources management in urban areas because still in urban areas local communities are lowly involved in management of water resources. Water tapes are left without repair and the bills given are high, service delivery is not satisfactory and there is bad governance in the distribution of water in urban areas
The performance of youth development fund (YDF) in youth development in Tanzania: the case of Kahama district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mussa, Elisha
This study aimed at examining the performance of Youth Development Fund (YDF) in promoting youth development in Tanzania using Kahama District as a case study. Specifically, the study focused at, youth access to YDF and their involvement in development activities; the performance of various YDF beneficiaries’ projects; factors influencing performance of YDF related projects; and stakeholders’ views on improvement of YDF programme and beneficiaries’ development activities. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the youths between 18 and 35 years as beneficiaries of YDF and or entrepreneurs in Kahama District. A sample size of 70 respondents was drawn using purposive and random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and observation methods were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software and presented in tables, figures and texts. The study revealed that although awareness was high (77%), youths access to YDF was low amounting to 718 (0.3%) youths out of 268,103. About 24 (80%) beneficiaries requested the loan to develop existing business rather than create new IGAs, hence YDF slightly promoted youth involvement. None of the beneficiaries shifted into advanced business compared to 7 (23%) non-beneficiaries. YDF beneficiaries employed fewer (44) youths compared to 66 by non-beneficiaries. Only 2 beneficiaries out of 30 have moved from lower annual income level (100,000 – 1,000,000/=) after receiving the loan compared to 12 non-beneficiaries. Besides, 14 (47%) beneficiaries failed to repay the loan. 22 (73%) YDF beneficiaries received less than 50% of the requested loan amount while 22 (67%) non-beneficiaries received 100%. Insufficient funds, deficient entrepreneurship training, and delayed loans were among the factors limiting business performance. Study recommendations include: increasing the budget for YDF programme, timely loan disbursement, intensive entrepreneurship training, involving the private sector, creation of enabling environment and proper targeting of beneficiaries.
Effectiveness of microfinance in uplifting women’s development a case study of Sumbawanga district council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mwangi, Samwel
The study aimed at looking on effectiveness of Microfinance Programmes in uplifting women’s development the case of Sumbawanga District Council. There have been many challenges that affect its performance in uplifting women’s development such as mobility of the clients, poor network among the Microfinance programmes and inconsistencies with the repayment schedules, high default, diversion of funds, and high interest rates. In the light of attaining such aim; the objectives of the study were to Access the ways in which micro finance programmes have effectively enhanced women financial sustainability in an integrated community development, Examine the extent to which credit services provided to women have effectively improved standard of living of their households, determine challenges facing MFIs in uplifting women development and suggest pertinent aspects that would make microfinance uplift women development in the study area. Data collection were done by means of interviews and questionnaires in which a total of 90 respondents comprised women households who have received credits from the developed council funds, MFIs and who have not received credits from other MFIs, employees from MFIs and council and managerial post from MFIs and council as the important respondents of this study, who were involved in the study using simple randomly sampling and purposive sampling. Research findings indicate that microfinance programmes in uplifting women development were not attained. Based on these findings, it is concluded that microfinance programmes in Sumbawanga District Council failed to improve women household livelihood. Therefore, through improved suggestions such as increased networking and collaboration among the Microfinance programmes, continuous sensitization and training of the clients, encouraging women’s group work, and Government intervention on microfinance programmes will contribute to uplift women development.
Effectiveness of internal audit as an instrument for improving management in the public sector: A case study of Kibaha Town Council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mosha, Angela
The research centred on the use of auditing to improving public sector management using Kibaha Town Council (KTC) in the Coast Region, as a case study. The main issue that guided this study was whether the internal audit department is discharging its responsibilities effectively. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of internal audit as an instrument for improving the management in the public sector in Tanzania. In realizing its objective, the study has employed a case study design which has provided the opportunity to such techniques as questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary review in the data collection process. The target population of this study targeted the KTC employees who formed 69 respondents. The data obtained in this research provided descriptive statistics and narrations. The study also used a multivariate regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The study found that management support had the greatest effect to the internal audit department as an instrument towards improving management practices at Kibaha Town Council. This factor is followed by risk monitoring and on the other hand the internal controls were found to have the least effect. The study recommends that in order for the council to be effective in its operation and service delivery it needs to pay attention to the contribution of internal auditing on its operations. This should go hand in hand with instituting risk mitigation in council’s internal auditing operation. Staffing of the internal audit should be considered critical for the effectiveness of the council internal audit department
The impact of subsidized fertilizer on Maize production and household income in Tanzania: The case of Sumbawanga municipality, Rukwa
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Sanga, Pascal J.
In the mid-1980s, Tanzania adopted a programme for economic liberalization of the entire economy after pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. It was promised that this economic liberalization would provide a strong stimulus to Tanzanian agriculture. In 1986, Tanzania had to sign with the World Bank and IMF the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), where agricultural subsidies were perceived to cause economic inefficiencies, and were completely removed in 1994/95. However, available data show that, this promise was not been fulfilled. In 2006, Tanzania came back and inaugurated the strategies for the transformation of Tanzania’s agriculture under the theme “KILIMO KWANZA”. The major aim is to combat poverty and food security through enhanced agricultural productivity via subsidized agricultural inputs. Despite seven years since its inception, little is known about achievement of programme’s objectives. In this regard, this study examined the impact of subsidized fertilizer on maize production and household income. The study used survey research designs and data were collected using questionnaire and interviews. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings indicate that post subsidy programme period had an average of 77758 tons compared to 58453 tons of the pre fertilizer subsidy period. Furthermore, findings indicated that there were differences in production between the users of fertilizer and non-users of fertilizer for the year 2012. Lastly, as the logic of subsidy suggests, using year 2012 as a case, it was found that the income for three groups was significantly different suggesting that users of subsidized fertilizers are likely to earn more income than the other two groups of farmers due to low cost of inputs. Some policy recommendations are given to promote the agricultural sector as one part of the national strategies in reducing income and food poverty. The budget constraints in the agricultural sector can be enhanced through reducing public expenditure on non-productive luxurious goods such as vehicles for bureaucrats and instead such budget should be allocated to agricultural sector which can lead to multiplier effect.
Applicability of information and communication technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in selected teachers colleges in Tanzania
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Noyi, Said
This study investigated the applicability of Information and Communication Technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in teachers colleges in Mara Regions in Tanzania. The study specifically examined the extent to which the ICT is applied by tutors in teaching and learning process in TCs, identifies the challenges facing tutors when applying ICT in the teaching and learning process in TCs and establishes the strategies for effective use of ICT by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs. A total of 46 participants from one diploma teachers colleges and grade A teachers college were used. The sample category involved 2 principals, 2 heads of ICT departments, 2 academic deans obtained through purposive sampling and 40 tutors obtained through simple random sampling. The study employed exploratory research designs, while the research approach involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The data were gathered through closed ended questionnaires, semi structured interviews, observation and documentary review. Data were analysed through quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively data analysed by using SPSS version sixteen descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used to present data. Qualitatively data was analysed by using thematic and content methods and presented by statements. The findings show that the tutors ICT applications commonly applied while the rest not because of lack of ICT knowledge or skills and infrastructure support. Major problems faced were personal or college based such as insufficiency in ICT knowledge and skills, lack technical support and inadequacy of ICT facilities. Strategies to be applied should be personal based, college based and ministry based. Study recommendations were based to teachers colleges includes principals of the college, academic deans, heads of ICT departments and tutors and Ministry of Education and Vocational Training include teachers departments and ICT units. Additional, there is a need to review education and training Policy (ETP) of 1995 in order to accommodate changes in time that are occurring everywhere in the world.
Microfinance and poverty reduction among women: The case of BRAC in Dodoma municipal council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Omari, Rukia B.
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of loan provided by BRAC in reducing poverty among women in Dodoma Municipality. The study used cross sectional research design to achieve this objective. The target group was between women who had secured loans from BRAC and women who had not secured loans from any financial institutions at the time of the study. The study employed two main data sources, questionnaire and interview guide. The sample size was 100 respondents of which 47 were women who had secured loans from BRAC; 47 women who had not secured loans from financial institutions and 6 officers from BRAC. Differences in poverty levels between loan beneficiaries and loan non-beneficiaries were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Differences were observed among five poverty indicators, namely income, savings, assets, education and health. Findings indicate that BRAC reach poor women in Dodoma Municipality as most of the loan conditions are affordable for even to very poor women. However, the findings revealed that no association was found between assets ownership, savings, access to better health services and better education with respect to being a BRAC member. Moreover, it was found that majority of women did not face any major constraint during loan processing, but some of them complained on delays, long process and hard conditions. The control group (non-beneficiaries) had no plan to secure loans from BRAC due to various reasons including interest rate, amount of loan given and hard conditions. This study recommends sensitization of the community on the potential of interest free financial services provided by some banks in Tanzania. Finally, areas for further research are given to enhance our understanding on the research topic.
Potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction: The case of Ruangwa district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mbiha, Joram R.
This study was conducted in order to examine the potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction in Ruangwa District. The study aimed at addressing the trend of onion production, magnitude of poverty in the study area, the market potential of onions and limiting factors facing onion production in the study area. The study involved 127 respondents selected randomly or purposely to meet the study objectives. The data were collected using interview and administration of questionnaires. The study showed that onion production is a potential activity in poverty reduction to farmers engaged in onion production. This was revealed by existing market potential, income obtained from sale of onions and its expenditure. Despite of this potentiality of onions to poverty reduction, its production was not consistent as there was rise and fall due to market fluctuation, frequent climatic change, high prices of agricultural inputs as well as application of poor farming methods. That is why people decided to produce other crops in order to reduce the magnitude of poverty. The income obtained ranged between 100,000 to more than 500,000 Tshs and expenditure priorities included health (21.1%), education (36.6%), purchase of building materials (22.5%), acquisition of furniture (18.3%) and other uses (1.4%). Hindrance to onion production was also caused by existence of different challenges such as lack of extension services (26.8%), low level of farmers’ education (19.7%), presence of poor roads (14.1%), poor farming methods (7.0%), poor agricultural tools (1.4%), unreliable market (18.3%), lack of government support (9.9%) and other (2.8%). From these findings, it was concluded that onion production has high potential to poverty reduction though it was still not delivering its full potential to poverty reduction. Therefore, the study recommended that there is a need for the government and other stakeholders to ensure that there is a reliable market, prices of agricultural inputs are reduced and ensure that cooperative societies operate to safeguard interests of onion producers. There is also a need to improve delivery of extension services and quality of roads. These measures in turn can increase opportunity to onion producers to earn more income at household and national levels as well as sales of onion in the foreign market.
Land use conflicts and livelihoods of small holder farmers in Ulanga district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Maksi, Deogratias Clemence
Land is increasingly becoming a source of conflicts in Tanzania and Africa at large, where land access had traditionally been characterized as relatively unrestricted. The main objective of the study was to examine how Land use conflicts’ smallholder farmers livelihoods are affected by land use conflicts. Subsequently, there were four specific objectives, to examine land administration system in Tanzania, especially land registration processes on how it affects rural smallholder farmers, to examine the state of land ownership in Ulanga district, to examine the causes for land use conflicts in Ulanga district and to examine the weaknesses of legal institutions for the persistence of the land use conflicts at Ulanga district. Primary data were collected from 120 smallholding farmers from 3 wards 2 villages from each ward. The study findings show that land administration system in Tanzania affects land registration process especially in rural areas due to the fact that most of the rural people failed to afford expenses. Also study findings reveal that most of the rural small farmers possess land through inheritance and customary rights. Moreover findings show that some of the underlying factors for land conflict are like, lack of clear demarcations, lack of land title deed, population pressure and agricultural commercialization. It seems that in Tanzania formal institutions for land administration are often simply superimposed on traditional structures without a clear delineation of responsibilities and competencies, implying that they lack both outreach and social legitimacy. It is thus concluded that land issue has a strong touch on a wide range of issues in different thematic areas. It is a cross cutting issue and touches all aspects of social, economic and political activities in rural areas. Therefore land use conflicts may affect the all sectors and live hoods of the natives of a specific area and Tanzania in general. It is recommended that there is a need of having strong legal management machinery which dealing with land management in the country. Also raising awareness on land rights is a crucial thing in land ownership. Furthermore the least there is a need to encourage land registration to the rural people. This service should be allocated in rural areas where most land conflicts occur
Challenges of micro-finance institutions towards women empowerment in Kilimanjaro Region Tanzania: A case study of Moshi municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kyara, Stella E.
The study identified the challenges that micro-finance institutions faces in the process of empowering women in Moshi Municipality. The specific objectives of the study are; exploring the causes for challenges of micro-finance institutions, assessing the strength and opportunities found in Moshi Municipality for women empowerment, and lastly suggesting possible solutions to alleviate challenges that face micro-finance institutions in Moshi Municipality. The study adopted a case study design. Random sampling and purposive sampling were used to a total number of 70 respondents who were customers and staffs of micro-finance, and Municipal officials who were dealing with microfinance. Data collection for this study employed different methods such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and focused group discussion. With respect to the objectives the findings revealed several challenges, causes of the challenges and pointed strength and opportunities found in Moshi municipality which are; poor repayment, politics, delay of funds, bureaucracy, corruption, unfaithful staffs, and unfaithful customers. Causes for the challenges are poor management in the organizations, economic depression, and inflation. And lastly strengths and opportunities to empower women in Moshi Municipality pointed out are; availability of financial institutions, availability of funds, the area being in town where business can possibily flow due to the availability of good infrastructures, and availability of entrepreneurship education to the customers that gives them a wide knowledge of operating business and skills to manage funds they raise. Basing on the findings it was recommended that, there should be multiple ways to help in alleviating the experienced challenges which includes, design of suggestion box, trainings should be conducted for capacity building to customers, there should be a visit to customers' business for evaluation to see if they meet standards that can help them lend more money, lastly, financial management education should be provided to SACCOS board members and there should be more cooperative officers to support organizations in training, auditing and advise to the existing SACCOS
Assessment of performance of vocational training centers on youth unemployment reduction: A case of Mkokotoni vocational training centre in northern district, Zanzibar
(2013) Juma N. Juma
Youth unemployment is a serious problem facing developed and developing countries since the early 2000s, and it has huge impact in the socio-economic context. It was therefore important to deploy initiatives in order to overcome or reduce the consequences of this problem. Vocational training was thought to be the best option to counteract the problem. This study assessed the performance of VTCs on youth unemployment reduction in Zanzibar where four main aspects involved which were: courses offered in VTCs, students’ enrolment trend, extent to which VTCs reduced unemployment, and challenges which faced VTCs. The study used an exploratory research design and involved 140 respondents to assess performance through administration of a questionnaire, interviews, focused group discussions, observation, and documentary review. The findings revealed that a total of eleven courses offered, and the Majority of respondents joined in courses which depended on being employed or had low employment possibilities. Also, students’ enrolment was still very low (below 1 percent). It was found that only 28 percent of trainees had employment while 72 percent had no employment, and the main employer was hotel industries which employed 55 percent of trainees while 45 percent were self-employed. In addition, there was inadequate training materials by 74 percent and shortage of materials and equipment's for field and practical sessions by 55 percent. To a large extent, performance of VTCs was affected by different challenges such as lack of areas for field practices (27 percent), and poor coordination (14 percent) which limit the performance of VTCs towards well qualified and competent trainees delivery. It therefore concluded that VTCs’ performance on youth unemployment reduction is still not satisfactory. The study therefore recommended measures to improve VTCs’ performance in employment creation such as: the Government should collaborate with the private sector, ensure accessibility of VTCs in tourism areas and review of VTCs’ curriculum to suit with the current situation of labour market
Institutions analysis of resource governance among Kiti water users association in Chunya district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Nzota, Fransisca F.
This study assesses resource governance related to water user association in Chunya district, Mbeya region as a case. Specifically, the study intended to explain the process of carrying out collective bargaining in order to govern water resources and explain how conflicts in water user are resolved in Chunya District. It has also assessed willingness to pay for water as a public good, and the role of property right in mitigate the tragedy of the commons. Qualitative research methodology was employed to collect primary data. Whereas the collected data using structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and observation were used in the analysis. The documentary review research method was also employed to collect secondary data. The analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel Computer Software to analyse descriptive statistics such as cross-tabulations, percentages and averages of the sample size of 98 respondents. Results show that the process of carrying out collective bargaining is not participatory enough since only 33.3% of the members of Water Users Association were involved. However, conflict resolutions in water use are effectively resolved using WUAs. The willingness to pay for water services was relatively high up to 82.7% of the respondents who were interested to pay for using water. The property right assignment was reported to be a stimulate sense of ownership and provides the legal capacity to WUAs in dealing with deviants of water source regulations In order to increase effectiveness in resource governance especially in water resource; WUAs and other water institutions must recognize the role of community in governance of natural resources. Furthermore, the study provided areas for further research.
Social insecurity and vulnerability of the elderly to poverty: A case study of Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mathias, Sidina
Social insecurity and vulnerability of elderly are among problems that are still facing the elderly in Tanzania. This study was designed to assess how the elderly access social services, establish the magnitude and identify factors which contribute to increased social insecurity and vulnerability as well as assessing existence and adequacy of institutional support to these elderly in Morogoro Municipality. The study employed a cross-sectional study design which involved visiting and interviewing 96 elderly people from four wards namely, Chamwino, Mwembesongo, Kichangani and Boma. It was observed that the majority of male elderly were married (76.7%) while the majority of female elderly were widows (66.0%). It was also found that more than 90% of elderly persons interviewed were not employed. Fifty nine percent lived below poverty line. The majority (67.7%) of respondents were supported by their children and relatives while few reported to depend on crop farming (40.6%) or business (21.9%) for livelihood. Access to food and balanced diet was a big problem and approximately 40% reported to skip a lunch every day. The major complaints of the elderly on health services included lack of diagnostic facilities, unavailability of medicine and specialized clinics for the elderly diseases. A big number of elderly was suffering from chronic diseases (69.8%) and supporting other vulnerable groups such as orphans (53%). However, the support of government and private institutions for elderly was limited. It is concluded that the majority of elderly people in Morogoro Municipality are poor and consequently they are socially insecure and vulnerable. It is recommended that the Government should support them through provision of universal pension to all the elderly above 60 years to improve their social security. The formulation of laws and regulations to guide the implementation of the national ageing policy is pertinent.
Challenges of micro-finance institutions towards women empowerment in Kilimanjaro Region Tanzania: A case study of Moshi municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kyara, Stella E.
The study identified the challenges that micro-finance institutions face in the process of empowering women in Moshi Municipality. The specific objectives of the study are; exploring the causes for challenges of micro-finance institutions, assessing the strength and opportunities found in Moshi Municipality for women empowerment, and lastly suggesting possible solutions to alleviate challenges that face micro-finance institutions in Moshi Municipality. The study adopted a case study design. Random sampling and purposive sampling were used to a total number of 70 respondents who were customers and staffs of micro-finance, and Municipal officials who were dealing with microfinance. Data collection for this study employed different methods such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and focused group discussion. With respect to the objectives the findings revealed several challenges, causes of the challenges and pointed strength and opportunities found in Moshi municipality which are; poor repayment, politics, delay of funds, bureaucracy, corruption, unfaithful staffs, and unfaithful customers. Causes for the challenges are poor management in the organizations, economic depression, and inflation. And lastly strengths and opportunities to empower women in Moshi Municipality pointed out are; availability of financial institutions, availability of funds, the area being in town where business can possibly flow due to the availability of good infrastructures, and availability of entrepreneurship education to the customers that gives them a wide knowledge of operating business and skills to manage funds they raise. Basing on the findings it was recommended that, there should be multiple ways to help in alleviating the experienced challenges which includes, design of suggestion box, trainings should be conducted for capacity building to customers, there should be a visit to customers' business for evaluation to see if they meet standards that can help them lend more money, lastly, financial management education should be provided to SACCOS board members and there should be more cooperative officers to support organizations in training, auditing and advise to the existing SACCOS.
Potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction: The case of Ruangwa district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mbiha, Joram Reuben
This study was conducted in order to examine the potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction in Ruangwa District. The study aimed at addressing the trend of onion production, magnitude of poverty in the study area, the market potential of onions and limiting factors facing onion production in the study area. The study involved 127 respondents selected randomly or purposely to meet the study objectives. The data were collected using interview and administration of questionnaires. The study showed that onion production is a potential activity in poverty reduction to farmers engaged in onion production. This was revealed by existing market potential, income obtained from sale of onions and its expenditure. Despite of this potentiality of onions to poverty reduction, its production was not consistent as there was rise and fall due to market fluctuation, frequent climatic change, high prices of agricultural inputs as well as application of poor farming methods. That is why people decided to produce other crops in order to reduce the magnitude of poverty. The income obtained ranged between 100,000 to more than 500,000 Tshs and expenditure priorities included health (21.1%), education (36.6%), purchase of building materials (22.5%), acquisition of furniture (18.3%) and other uses (1.4%). Hindrance to onion production was also caused by existence of different challenges such as lack of extension services (26.8%), low level of farmers’ education (19.7%), presence of poor roads (14.1%), poor farming methods (7.0%), poor agricultural tools (1.4%), unreliable market (18.3%), lack of government support (9.9%) and other (2.8%). From these findings, it was concluded that onion production has high potential to poverty reduction though it was still not delivering its full potential to poverty reduction. Therefore, the study recommended that there is a need for the government and other stakeholders to ensure that there is a reliable market, prices of agricultural inputs are reduced and ensure that cooperative societies operate to safeguard interests of onion producers. There is also a need to improve delivery of extension services and quality of roads. These measures in turn can increase opportunity to onion producers to earn more income at household and national levels as well as sales of onion in the foreign market.

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