Development Policy

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Traffic jam and its social impacts: The case of Dar es salaam city
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Nelson, Erick
This study was conducted in order to identify the social impacts of traffic jam in Dar es Salaam City. A case study design was applied to obtain primary data from the unit of enquiry. Also various methods of data collection such as in depth interview, administered questionnaire and documentary review were applied. Simple random sampling was adopted to select 46 respondents from which data was collected. The findings showed that traffic jam exists and it is a major problem to the commuters in Dar es Salaam city. According to the study, about 78.3% spend more than two to three hours on traffic jam. Some of the causes for traffic jam were said to be poor roads, increased number of cars and location of many offices at one place, lack of parking places as well as poor traffic management. On the other side, traffic jam was found to have the following impacts on health. This includes spread of diseases such as airborne diseases and fainting just to mention few. At family level, traffic jam has led to misunderstanding among family members, separation and divorce and lack of time for parents to be with their children. At community level, traffic jam contributes to poor relation among communities due to lack of time to participate in social affairs, reduced visitation, late arrival of fire and rescue tracks during the occurrence of disasters in the community and late arrival at work or school. In order to eliminate traffic jam in Dar es Salaam city, the following recommendations were made: improving the current infrastructures including construction of flyovers, reallocation of offices and services from the city centre, establishment of other means of transport such as train and water transport. This report was presented in five chapters, chapter one covered introduction of the study, chapter two, literature review, chapter three, research methodology, chapter four, presentation and discussion of the research findings and chapter five, the conclusions and recommendations
Institutions analysis of resource governance among Kiti water users association in Chunya district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Nzota, Fransisca F.
This study assesses resource governance related to water user association in Chunya district, Mbeya region as a case. Specifically, the study intended to explain the process of carrying out collective bargaining in order to govern water resources and explain how conflicts in water user are resolved in Chunya District. It has also assessed willingness to pay for water as a public good, and the role of property right in mitigate the tragedy of the commons. Qualitative research methodology was employed to collect primary data. Whereas the collected data using structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and observation were used in the analysis. The documentary review research method was also employed to collect secondary data. The analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel Computer Software to analyse descriptive statistics such as cross-tabulations, percentages and averages of the sample size of 98 respondents. Results show that the process of carrying out collective bargaining is not participatory enough since only 33.3% of the members of Water Users Association were involved. However, conflict resolutions in water use are effectively resolved using WUAs. The willingness to pay for water services was relatively high up to 82.7% of the respondents who were interested to pay for using water. The property right assignment was reported to be a stimulate sense of ownership and provides the legal capacity to WUAs in dealing with deviants of water source regulations In order to increase effectiveness in resource governance especially in water resource; WUAs and other water institutions must recognize the role of community in governance of natural resources. Furthermore, the study provided areas for further research.
The impact of subsidized fertilizer on maize production and household income in Tanzania: The case of Sumbawanga municipality, Rukwa
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Sanga, Pascal J.
In the mid-1980s, Tanzania adopted a programme for economic liberalization of the entire economy after pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. It was promised that this economic liberalization would provide a strong stimulus to Tanzanian agriculture. In 1986, Tanzania had to sign with the World Bank and IMF the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), where agricultural subsidies were perceived to cause economic inefficiencies and were completely removed in 1994/95. However, available data show that this promise was not been fulfilled. In 2006, Tanzania came back and inaugurated the strategies for the transformation of Tanzania’s agriculture under the theme “KILIMO KWANZA”. The major aim is to combat poverty and food security through enhanced agricultural productivity via subsidized agricultural inputs. Despite seven years since its inception, little is known about achievement of the programme’s objectives. In this regard, this study examined the impact of subsidized fertilizer on maize production and household income. The study used survey research designs and data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings indicate that post subsidy programme period had an average of 77758 tons compared to 58453 tons of the pre-fertilizer subsidy period. Furthermore, findings indicated that there were differences in production between the users of fertilizer and non-users of fertilizer for the year 2012. Lastly, as the logic of subsidy suggests, using year 2012 as a case, it was found that the income for three groups was significantly different suggesting that users of subsidized fertilizers are likely to earn more income than the other two groups of farmers due to low cost of inputs. Some policy recommendations are given to promote the agricultural sector as one part of the national strategies in reducing income and food poverty. The budget constraints in the agricultural sector can be enhanced through reducing public expenditure on non-productive luxurious goods such as vehicles for bureaucrats and instead such budget should be allocated to agricultural sector which can lead to multiplier effect.
Land use conflicts and livelihoods of small holder farmers in Ulanga district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Maksi, Deogratias Clemence
Land is increasingly becoming a source of conflicts in Tanzania and Africa at large, where land access had traditionally been characterized as relatively unrestricted. The main objective of the study was to examine how Land use conflicts’ smallholder farmers livelihoods are affected by land use conflicts. Subsequently, there were four specific objectives, to examine land administration system in Tanzania, especially land registration processes on how it affects rural smallholder farmers, to examine the state of land ownership in Ulanga district, to examine the causes for land use conflicts in Ulanga district and to examine the weaknesses of legal institutions for the persistence of the land use conflicts at Ulanga district. Primary data were collected from 120 smallholding farmers from 3 wards 2 villages from each ward. The study findings show that land administration system in Tanzania affects land registration process especially in rural areas due to the fact that most of the rural people failed to afford expenses. Also study findings reveal that most of the rural small farmers possess land through inheritance and customary rights. Moreover findings show that some of the underlying factors for land conflict are like, lack of clear demarcations, lack of land title deed, population pressure and agricultural commercialization. It seems that in Tanzania formal institutions for land administration are often simply superimposed on traditional structures without a clear delineation of responsibilities and competencies, implying that they lack both outreach and social legitimacy. It is thus concluded that land issue has a strong touch on a wide range of issues in different thematic areas. It is a cross cutting issue and touches all aspects of social, economic and political activities in rural areas. Therefore land use conflicts may affect the all sectors and live hoods of the natives of a specific area and Tanzania in general. It is recommended that there is a need of having strong legal management machinery which dealing with land management in the country. Also raising awareness on land rights is a crucial thing in land ownership. Furthermore the least there is a need to encourage land registration to the rural people. This service should be allocated in rural areas where most land conflicts occur
Assessment of performance of vocational training centres on youth unemployment reduction: A case of Mkokotoni Vocational Training Centre in a North District, Zanzibar
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Juma, Juma N.
Youth unemployment is a serious problem facing developed and developing countries since the early 2000s, and it has had a huge impact on the socio-economic context. It was therefore important to deploy initiatives in order to overcome or reduce the consequences of this problem. Vocational training was thought to be the best option to counteract the problem. This study assessed the performance of VTCs on youth unemployment reduction in Zanzibar where four main aspects involved which were: courses offered in VTCs, students’ enrolment trend, extent to which VTCs reduced unemployment, and challenges which faced VTCs. The study used an exploratory research design and involved 140 respondents to assess performance through the administration of a questionnaire, interviews, focused group discussions, observation and documentary review. The findings revealed that a total of eleven courses were offered and the Majority of respondents joined courses which depended on being employed or had low employment possibilities. Also, students’ enrolment was still very low (below 1 percent). It was found that only 28 percent of trainees had employment while 72 percent had no employment, and the main employer was hotel industries which employed 55 percent of trainees while 45 percent were self-employed. In addition, there was inadequate training materials by 74 percent and shortage of materials and equipments for field and practical sessions by 55 percent. To a large extent, the performance of VTCs was affected by different challenges such as lack of areas for field practices (27 percent), and poor coordination (14 percent) which limit performance of VTCs towards well qualified and competent trainees delivery. It therefore concluded that VTCs’ performance on youth unemployment reduction is still not satisfactory. The study therefore recommended measures to improve VTCs’ performance in employment creation such as: the Government should collaborate with the private sector, ensure accessibility of VTCs in tourism areas and review of VTCs’ curriculum to suit with the current situation of labour market.
An analysis of challenges facing folk development colleges in the Southern Highlands zone, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kalole, Josephine G.
This study examined the challenges which faced the development of FDCs in the Southern Highland Zone of Tanzania. It was inspired by the fact that FDCs’ development was moving backward and the challenges were less known. The study specifically identified the causes of the challenges facing FDCs, found out how the challenges facing FDCs in the southern highlands zone of Tanzania could be addressed, and explored measures for strengthening FDCs. The study used a cross-sectional research design with a sample of 36 respondents who were selected though convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews, and documentary review methods. They were analyzed by using SPSS and Microsoft Word for text processing and editing. The study shows that inadequate facilities, poor infrastructure, shortage of qualified personnel, inadequate technological tools, and community’ negative attitude were the challenges which affected FDCs in the study areas. The effects of those challenges were lack of qualified teachers, poor teaching, drop outs, students’ poor performance, students’ failure, unwillingness to teach, teachers’ resignation, and hence bad reputation of FDCs. Measures such as enough budget allocation for FDCs, employing adequate qualified personnel, increasing facilities, involving stakeholders in planning, were proposed. There was also a need to strengthen FDCs through involving development partners, conducting fundraising activities, staff capacity building. Relevant recommendations are made.
The Need of effective land policy in Zanzibar: A case study of West District
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mtambua, Hamziji H.
The main objective of this study was to examine the need of effective Land policy in Zanzibar with reference to West District as a Case Study and the specific objective was to examine social and economic effects of land dispute in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy of 1982, to identify the challenges of change of land use in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy in Zanzibar and to identify the opportunities that can be created by Zanzibar land policy. The major methods used in data collection were questionnaires, structured interview, observation and focus group discussion to get relevant information from the respondents. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel programme were used to analyze data, which were then summarized into frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and graphs for easier and to give clear understanding of the study. The growing population and increasing of social and economic activities including Tourism and service development require effective management and administration of land in order to use scarce land resource for development of Zanzibar. This study used 120 respondents including land owners, land officers and local government authorities. The results of this study show that, there is a need of effective land Policy in Zanzibar to guide various social and economic developments, control land use management, effective and easiest land ownerships as well as controlling land disputes . It also showed that land policy will reduce land disputes, proper land use as well as will identify the investment opportunities in west district. The study suggested the review of existing land Policy that will address the issues of effective land ownership and titling, introduction of effective legal instruments in every district to deal with land disputes, mobilize land departments and local government authorities and other land stake holders to work in strong collaboration.
Challenges of promoting number of deliveries in health facilities in Namtumbo district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Nela, Lucas
This study is about challenges of promoting numbers of deliveries in health facilities in Namtumbo district. Specifically, the study sought to explore the status of women deliveries at health facilities in Namtumbo District, people’s perception on delivering at health facilities, factors influencing deliveries at health facilities, and ways of promoting deliveries at health facilities in the District. The population of study was all community members of Namtumbo district from which a sample of 65(100%) respondents was obtained whereby simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used. Methods of data collection involved both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by using questionnaires and interviews. Documentary review methods were used in collecting secondary data. Analysis of data was done with excel. Therefore, the report is presented using descriptive statistics, namely frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that the number of women delivering outside health facilities is still high. Influencing factors include negative altitudes of health providers, lack of medicine and medical supply, and budget constraints from the government on health facilities construction making the problem of home deliveries keep on persisting. This makes the pregnant women not to get proper services as guided in order to control the life of pregnant women. Also, the study revealed that the factors which lead the pregnant women to deliver at home include polite language from Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs), services provided under a short time, short distance from home to TBAs, zero cost in services and no compulsory HIV/AIDS testing as what is practiced at health facilities. Further, the government is committed towards the promotion of numbers of deliveries in health facilities all over the country but there are still some challenges such as shortage of drugs in the health facilities, lack of funds, lack of transport facilities as well as shortage of personnel. Based on these findings, increase in the utilization of health facilities for delivery by improving education among girls, increase in accessibility to health facility and promotion of early booking as well as regular visits by women have been recommended.
The contribution of World vision on poverty alleviation through Agricultural interventions- in Tanzania: a case of Kinampanda area development programme-Iramba singida
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mwendi, Romwald D.
The study was conducted in Kinampanda division in Iramba, Singida. The main purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of world vision on poverty alleviation through agricultural intervention. Specifically, the study aimed to examine agricultural activities supported by Kinampanda ADP at household level, assess the accessibility of agricultural interventions supported by Kinampanda ADP to households, investigate the implementation of agriculture intervention by Kinampanda ADP to households, and explore the household expenditure and savings of profit gained from agricultural intervention. In examining agricultural activities supported by Kinampanda ADP at household level, the study findings show that Kinampanda ADP supported households with agricultural trainings, provision of improved farming input and implements and linking them with credit societies. On assessing the accessibility of agriculture intervention supported by Kinampanda ADP to households, the findings revealed that Kinampanda is working best with farming groups and support them in terms of cost sharing. On investigating the implementation of agriculture intervention by Kinampanda ADP to households, the study revealed that, there was increase of cultivated acres, crops productivity and surplus as compared to the time before and after the intervention. Lastly, on exploring the house hold expenditure and savings of profit gained from agricultural interventions, the study revealed that, small household farmers increased their income, own valuable assets, being able to pay for basic needs as well as ability to pay for education and health services. Conclusion, the study revealed that, Kinampanda agricultural interventions have resulted to poverty alleviation as compared to situation before the interventions. The study recommend that Government together with Kinampanda ADP to continue linking small farmers with credit societies to get loans for better operation of their agricultural activities.
The impact of information communication technology (ICT) on performance of Tanzania posts corporation (TPC)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Isote, Lynnchristine G.
This study aimed at exploring the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on performance of Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC). The study focused on examining ICT technologies available at TPC; assessing efforts used to improve product innovation in TPC; assessing performance trends before and after adoption of ICT in TPC and exploring customer responsiveness towards TPC services in the era of ICT. The study adopted a case study research design to attain its objectives. The sample size for the study was 62 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used whereby questionnaire, interviews, observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used in analysis, while data from in depth interviews were analyzed qualitatively. In this study, it was found that ICT technologies available at TPC include: computers, telephone and internet. Also, findings revealed that there was a statistically insignificance increase in performance before adoption of ICT and after adoption of ICT, whereby profitability of items posted in mails and logistic business, financial and agency business and courier business was assed, also Return on Asset and Marginal ratio were used as indicators. The eta squared statistic was applied and the results indicated very small effect size. In addition to that, the study revealed that customers still needed TPC services in the era of ICT in spite of development of other forms of communication like emails, mobile phones and internet. This study recommends increasing the government support to TPC by improving physical infrastructure and providing vehicles for transporting mail and parcel so that it can fulfill the major obligations of universal postal services to the customers so as to ensure efficiency in TPC operations. In order for TPC to enjoy the fruits of ICT on its performance, it must speed up the way of adopting ICT so as to ensure significance increase in performance. Finally, it is recommended that TPC must raise its trustworthiness, improve customer care, strengthen their network, improve their services and cope with market competition.
The impact of subsidized fertilizer on Maize production and household income in Tanzania: The case of Sumbawanga municipality, Rukwa
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Sanga, Pascal J.
In the mid-1980s, Tanzania adopted a programme for economic liberalization of the entire economy after pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. It was promised that this economic liberalization would provide a strong stimulus to Tanzanian agriculture. In 1986, Tanzania had to sign with the World Bank and IMF the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), where agricultural subsidies were perceived to cause economic inefficiencies, and were completely removed in 1994/95. However, available data show that, this promise was not been fulfilled. In 2006, Tanzania came back and inaugurated the strategies for the transformation of Tanzania’s agriculture under the theme “KILIMO KWANZA”. The major aim is to combat poverty and food security through enhanced agricultural productivity via subsidized agricultural inputs. Despite seven years since its inception, little is known about achievement of programme’s objectives. In this regard, this study examined the impact of subsidized fertilizer on maize production and household income. The study used survey research designs and data were collected using questionnaire and interviews. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings indicate that post subsidy programme period had an average of 77758 tons compared to 58453 tons of the pre fertilizer subsidy period. Furthermore, findings indicated that there were differences in production between the users of fertilizer and non-users of fertilizer for the year 2012. Lastly, as the logic of subsidy suggests, using year 2012 as a case, it was found that the income for three groups was significantly different suggesting that users of subsidized fertilizers are likely to earn more income than the other two groups of farmers due to low cost of inputs. Some policy recommendations are given to promote the agricultural sector as one part of the national strategies in reducing income and food poverty. The budget constraints in the agricultural sector can be enhanced through reducing public expenditure on non-productive luxurious goods such as vehicles for bureaucrats and instead such budget should be allocated to agricultural sector which can lead to multiplier effect.
Challenges of micro-finance institutions towards women empowerment in Kilimanjaro Region Tanzania: A case study of Moshi Municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Kyara, Stella E.
The study identified the challenges that micro-finance institutions face in the process of empowering women in Moshi Municipality. The specific objectives of the study are; exploring the causes of challenges of micro-finance institutions, assessing the strength and opportunities found in Moshi Municipality for women empowerment, and lastly suggesting possible solutions to alleviate challenges that face micro-finance institutions in Moshi Municipality. The study adopted a case study design. Random sampling and purposive sampling were used to a total number of 70 respondents who were customers and staff of micro-finance, and Municipal officials who were dealing with microfinance. Data collection for this study employed different methods such as questionnaires, interviews, observation and focused group discussion. With respect to the objectives the findings revealed several challenges, causes of the challenges and pointed strength and opportunities found in Moshi municipality which are; poor repayment, politics, delay of funds, bureaucracy, corruption, unfaithful staffs, and unfaithful customers. Causes for the challenges are poor management in the organizations, economic depression, and inflation. And lastly strengths and opportunities to empower women in Moshi Municipality pointed out are; the availability of financial institutions, availability of funds, the area being in town where business can possibily flow due to the availability of good infrastructures, and availability of entrepreneurship education to the customers that gives them a wide knowledge of operating business and skills to manage funds they raise. Basing on the findings it was recommended that, there should be multiple ways to help in alleviating the experienced challenges which includes, design of suggestion box, trainings should be conducted for capacity building to customers, there should be a visit to customers' business for evaluation to see if they meet standards that can help them lend more money, lastly, financial management education should be provided to SACCOS board members and there should be more cooperative officers to support organizations in training, auditing and advise to the existing SACCOS.
Microfinance and poverty reduction among women: A case of BRAC in Dodoma municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Rukia, Bakar Omar
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of loan provided by BRAC in reducing poverty among women in Dodoma Municipality. The study used cross sectional research design to achieve this objective. The target group was between women who had secured loans from BRAC and women who had not secured loans from any financial institutions at the time of the study. The study employed two main data sources, questionnaire and interview guide. The sample size was 100 respondents of which 47 were women who had secured loans from BRAC 47 women who had not secured loans from financial institutions and 6 officers from BRAC. Differences in poverty levels between loan beneficiaries and loan non-beneficiaries were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Differences were observed among five poverty indicators, namely income, savings, assets, education and health. Findings indicate that BRAC reach poor women in Dodoma Municipality as most of the loan conditions are affordable for even to very poor women. However, the findings revealed that no association was found between assets ownership, savings, access to better health services and better education with respect to being a BRAC member. Moreover, it was found that majority of women did not face any major constraint during loan processing, but some of them complained on delays, long process and hard conditions. The control group (non-beneficiaries) had no plan to secure loans from BRAC due to various reasons including interest rate, amount of loan given and hard conditions. This study recommends sensitization of the community on the potential of interest free financial services provided by some banks in Tanzania. Finally, areas for further research are given to enhance our understanding on the research topic.
Potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction: The case of Ruangwa district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mbiha, Joram Reuben
This study was conducted in order to examine the potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction in Ruangwa District. The study aimed at addressing the trend of onion production, magnitude of poverty in the study area, the market potential of onions and limiting factors facing onion production in the study area. The study involved 127 respondents selected randomly or purposely to meet the study objectives. The data were collected using interview and administration of questionnaires. The study showed that onion production is a potential activity in poverty reduction to farmers engaged in onion production. This was revealed by existing market potential, income obtained from sale of onions and its expenditure. Despite of this potentiality of onions to poverty reduction, its production was not consistent as there was rise and fall due to market fluctuation, frequent climatic change, high prices of agricultural inputs as well as application of poor farming methods. That is why people decided to produce other crops in order to reduce the magnitude of poverty. The income obtained ranged between 100,000 to more than 500,000 Tshs and expenditure priorities included health (21.1%), education (36.6%), purchase of building materials (22.5%), acquisition of furniture (18.3%) and other uses (1.4%). Hindrance to onion production was also caused by existence of different challenges such as lack of extension services (26.8%), low level of farmers’ education (19.7%), presence of poor roads (14.1%), poor farming methods (7.0%), poor agricultural tools (1.4%), unreliable market (18.3%), lack of government support (9.9%) and other (2.8%). From these findings, it was concluded that onion production has high potential to poverty reduction though it was still not delivering its full potential to poverty reduction. Therefore, the study recommended that there is a need for the government and other stakeholders to ensure that there is a reliable market, prices of agricultural inputs are reduced and ensure that cooperative societies operate to safeguard interests of onion producers. There is also a need to improve delivery of extension services and quality of roads. These measures in turn can increase opportunity to onion producers to earn more income at household and national levels as well as sales of onion in the foreign market.
Social insecurity and vulnerability of the elderly to poverty: A case study of Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Sidina, Mathias
Social insecurity and vulnerability of elderly are among problems that are still facing the elderly in Tanzania. This study was designed to assess how the elderly access social services, establish the magnitude and identify factors which contribute to increased social insecurity and vulnerability as well as assessing existence and adequacy of institutional support to these elderly in Morogoro Municipality. The study employed a cross-sectional study design which involved visiting and interviewing 96 elderly people from four wards namely, Chamwino, Mwembesongo, Kichangani and Boma. It was observed that the majority of male elderly were married (76.7%) while the majority of female elderly were widows (66.0%). It was also found that more than 90% of elderly persons interviewed were not employed. Fifty nine percent lived below poverty line. The majority (67.7%) of respondents were supported by their children and relatives while few reported to depend on crop farming (40.6%) or business (21.9%) for livelihood. Access to food and balanced diet was a big problem and approximately 40% reported to skip a lunch every day. The major complaints of the elderly on health services included lack of diagnostic facilities, unavailability of medicine and specialized clinics for the elderly diseases. A big number of elderly was suffering from chronic diseases (69.8%) and supporting other vulnerable groups such as orphans (53%). However, the support of government and private institutions for elderly was limited. It is concluded that the majority of elderly people in Morogoro Municipality are poor and consequently they are socially insecure and vulnerable. It is recommended that the Government should support them through provision of universal pension to all the elderly above 60 years to improve their social security. The formulation of laws and regulations to guide the implementation of the national ageing policy is pertinent.
An analysis of challenges facing folk development colleges in the Southern Highlands Zone, Tanzania
(Mzumbe Univesity, 2013) Kalole, Josephine G.
This study examined the challenges which faced the development of FDCs in the Southern Highland Zone of Tanzania. It was inspired by the fact that FDCs’ development was moving backward and the challenges were less known. The study specifically identified the causes of the challenges facing FDCs, found out how the challenges facing FDCs in the southern highlands zone of Tanzania could be addressed, and explored measures for strengthening FDCs. The study used a cross-sectional research design with a sample of 36 respondents who were selected though convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected by using questionnaires, interviews, and documentary review methods. They were analyzed by using SPSS and Microsoft Word for text processing and editing. The study shows that inadequate facilities, poor infrastructure, shortage of qualified personnel, inadequate technological tools, and community’ negative attitude were the challenges which affected FDCs in the study areas. The effects of those challenges were lack of qualified teachers, poor teaching, drop outs, students’ poor performance, students’ failure, unwillingness to teach, teachers’ resignation, and hence bad reputation of FDCs. Measures such as enough budget allocation for FDCs, employing adequate qualified personnel, increasing facilities, involving stakeholders in planning, were proposed. There was also a need to strengthen FDCs through involving development partners, conducting fundraising activities, staff capacity building. Relevant recommendations are made.
Potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction: The case of Ruangwa district, Tanzania.
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mbiha, Joram Reuben
This study was conducted in order to examine the potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction in Ruangwa District. The study aimed at addressing the trend of onion production, magnitude of poverty in the study area, the market potential of onions and limiting factors facing onion production in the study area. The study involved 127 respondents selected randomly or purposely to meet the study objectives. The data were collected using interview and administration of questionnaires. The study showed that onion production is a potential activity in poverty reduction to farmers engaged in onion production. This was revealed by existing market potential, income obtained from sale of onions and its expenditure. Despite of this potentiality of onions to poverty reduction, its production was not consistent as there was rise and fall due to market fluctuation, frequent climatic change, high prices of agricultural inputs as well as application of poor farming methods. That is why people decided to produce other crops in order to reduce the magnitude of poverty. The income obtained ranged between 100,000 to more than 500,000 Tshs and expenditure priorities included health (21.1%), education (36.6%), purchase of building materials (22.5%), acquisition of furniture (18.3%) and other uses (1.4%). Hindrance to onion production was also caused by existence of different challenges such as lack of extension services (26.8%), low level of farmers’ education (19.7%), presence of poor roads (14.1%), poor farming methods (7.0%), poor agricultural tools (1.4%), unreliable market (18.3%), lack of government support (9.9%) and other (2.8%). From these findings, it was concluded that onion production has high potential to poverty reduction though it was still not delivering its full potential to poverty reduction. Therefore, the study recommended that there is a need for the government and other stakeholders to ensure that there is a reliable market, prices of agricultural inputs are reduced and ensure that cooperative societies operate to safeguard interests of onion producers. There is also a need to improve delivery of extension services and quality of roads. These measures in turn can increase opportunity to onion producers to earn more income at household and national levels as well as sales of onion in the foreign market.
Need of effective land policy in Zanzibar: A case study of West District
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mtambua, Hamziji Haji
The main objective of this study was to examine the need of effective Land policy in Zanzibar with reference to West District as a Case Study and the specific objective was to examine social and economic effects of land dispute in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy of 1982, to identify the challenges of change of land use in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy in Zanzibar and to identify the opportunities that can be created by Zanzibar land policy. The major methods used in data collection were questionnaires, structured interview, observation and focus group discussion to get relevant information from the respondents. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel programme were used to analyze data, which were then summarized into frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and graphs for easier and to give clear understanding of the study. The growing population and increasing of social and economic activities including Tourism and service development require effective management and administration of land in order to use scarce land resources for the development of Zanzibar. This study used 120 respondents including land owners, land officers and local government authorities. The results of this study show that, there is a need of effective land Policy in Zanzibar to guide various social and economic developments, control land use management, effective and easiest land ownerships as well as controlling land disputes. It also showed that land policy will reduce land disputes, proper land use as well as will identify the investment opportunities in west district. The study suggested the review of existing land Policy that will address the issues of effective land ownership and titling, introduction of effective legal instruments in every district to deal with land disputes, mobilize land departments and local government authorities and other land stake holders to work in strong collaboration.
The performance of youth development fund (YDF) in youth development in Tanzania: the case of Kahama district
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mussa, Elisha
This study aimed at examining the performance of Youth Development Fund (YDF) in promoting youth development in Tanzania using Kahama District as a case study. Specifically, the study focused at, youth access to YDF and their involvement in development activities; the performance of various YDF beneficiaries’ projects; factors influencing performance of YDF related projects; and stakeholders’ views on improvement of YDF programme and beneficiaries’ development activities. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the youths between 18 and 35 years as beneficiaries of YDF and or entrepreneurs in Kahama District. A sample size of 70 respondents was drawn using purposive and random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and observation methods were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software and presented in tables, figures and texts. The study revealed that although awareness was high (77%), youths access to YDF was low amounting to 718 (0.3%) youths out of 268,103. About 24 (80%) beneficiaries requested the loan to develop existing business rather than create new IGAs, hence YDF slightly promoted youth involvement. None of the beneficiaries shifted into advanced business compared to 7 (23%) non-beneficiaries. YDF beneficiaries employed fewer (44) youths compared to 66 by non-beneficiaries. Only 2 beneficiaries out of 30 have moved from lower annual income level (100,000 – 1,000,000/=) after receiving the loan compared to 12 non-beneficiaries. Besides, 14 (47%) beneficiaries failed to repay the loan. 22 (73%) YDF beneficiaries received less than 50% of the requested loan amount while 22 (67%) non-beneficiaries received 100%. Insufficient funds, deficient entrepreneurship training, and delayed loans were among the factors limiting business performance. Study recommendations include: increasing the budget for YDF programme, timely loan disbursement, intensive entrepreneurship training, involving the private sector, creation of enabling environment and proper targeting of beneficiaries.
Effectiveness of microfinance in uplifting women’s development a case study of Sumbawanga district council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mwangi, Samwel
The study aimed at looking on effectiveness of Microfinance Programmes in uplifting women’s development the case of Sumbawanga District Council. There have been many challenges that affect its performance in uplifting women’s development such as mobility of the clients, poor network among the Microfinance programmes and inconsistencies with the repayment schedules, high default, diversion of funds, and high interest rates. In the light of attaining such aim; the objectives of the study were to Access the ways in which micro finance programmes have effectively enhanced women financial sustainability in an integrated community development, Examine the extent to which credit services provided to women have effectively improved standard of living of their households, determine challenges facing MFIs in uplifting women development and suggest pertinent aspects that would make microfinance uplift women development in the study area. Data collection were done by means of interviews and questionnaires in which a total of 90 respondents comprised women households who have received credits from the developed council funds, MFIs and who have not received credits from other MFIs, employees from MFIs and council and managerial post from MFIs and council as the important respondents of this study, who were involved in the study using simple randomly sampling and purposive sampling. Research findings indicate that microfinance programmes in uplifting women development were not attained. Based on these findings, it is concluded that microfinance programmes in Sumbawanga District Council failed to improve women household livelihood. Therefore, through improved suggestions such as increased networking and collaboration among the Microfinance programmes, continuous sensitization and training of the clients, encouraging women’s group work, and Government intervention on microfinance programmes will contribute to uplift women development.