Institute of Development Studies

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    The contribution of tourism to poverty reduction at household level in Tanzania: A case study of Arumeru district council
    (Mzumbe University, 2018) Massawe, Agape Anathe
    This study aimed at assessing the contribution of tourism in poverty reduction at household level in Tanzania the case study of Arumeru district council. Specifically, the study focused on determining the number of household members earning income from tourism industry, evaluation of the impact of tourism to household living standards, evaluation of the implications of the district council income from tourism on households poverty reduction and exploring the factors affecting effective contribution of tourism in poverty reduction at household level. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the households heads between 18 and 65 years and the tourism stakeholders at Arumeru district council. Sixty respondents were drawn as a sample using purposive sampling and systematic random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and observation methods were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed with assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented in tables, figures, photographs and statements. The study revealed that 88.6 percent of the family members from the 41 households studied relied on tourism activities as a source of income when only 11.4 percent were engaged in non tourism activities. With regard to the standard of living, all family members had access to education, health services and food, a large proportion affording 3 meals per day. Furthermore, out of 41 households, 7 (17.1%) households had motorcycles, 32 (78%) households had television sets, 30 (73.1%) had livestock such as cattle, chickens, goats and sheep, 40 (97.6%) had land plots and 39 (95.1%) had their own houses but of different qualities. It was furher revealed that perceptions on life earning 30 (73.2%), ignorance 41 (100%), shortage of capital 41 (100%), lack of entrepreneurial skills 37 (90.2), and cultural factors 20 (48.8%) were the factors limiting effective contribution of tourism industry in poverty reduction at household level. Tourism activities are contributing to the reduction of poverty at household level but the nature of lifestyle and high cost of living reduces its impact. The study recommends that the district council should directly use a portion of its income from tourism in the development of local people.
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    The impact of migrant livestock keepers on the natives and natural resources of the Kilombero valley in Tanzania: The case of Kilombero district
    (Mzumbe University, 2015) Kabuye, Alto M.K
    This study investigated the impact of migrant livestock keepers on the natives and natural resources of Kilombero valley. Both descriptive and exploratory designs involving the use of various data collection methods such as questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The study also used documentary review to collect secondary data from various report concerning migrant livestock keepers. Data were analysed by Microsoft excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. The study revealed that migration of livestock keepers to the study area had both positive and negative impacts. As the results of migrant livestock keepers, agricultural activities, trade and animal keeping have increased in the area. On the other hand, activities such as fishing and hunting activities have decreased. The study revealed that migrant livestock keepers have caused small changes in cultural elements of the natives. It was established that migrants have brought a great changes in natives’ ways of perfuming works, marriage matters as well as food and eating behaviour. Other cultural elements were found not to be affected much. The study further showed that migrant livestock keepers used natural resources of the study area to large extent. Resources such as water, wetland, natural vegetation and land/space for carrying out human development activities were reported to decrease. The findings showed that natives have used land use plans, eviction, use of village security guards “sungu sungu”, and use of by - laws among other strategies to protect natives culture and natural resources from being engulfed by the migrant livestock keepers. But strategies used were reported to have done little work compared to the expectations. The study concluded that natural resources were mostly affected by migrant livestock keepers activities compared to the native activities and culture. It was recommended that co - existence approach between agriculturalist and pastoralist and cooperation between different government departments, local authorities and the general local community need be adopted for the sustainable management of the natural resources in Kilombero valley.
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    Need of effective land policy in Zanzibar: A case study of West District
    (Mzumbe University, 2013) Mtambua, Hamziji Haji
    The main objective of this study was to examine the need of effective Land policy in Zanzibar with reference to West District as a Case Study and the specific objective was to examine social and economic effects of land dispute in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy of 1982, to identify the challenges of change of land use in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy in Zanzibar and to identify the opportunities that can be created by Zanzibar land policy. The major methods used in data collection were questionnaires, structured interview, observation and focus group discussion to get relevant information from the respondents. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel programme were used to analyze data, which were then summarized into frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and graphs for easier and to give clear understanding of the study. The growing population and increasing of social and economic activities including Tourism and service development require effective management and administration of land in order to use scarce land resources for the development of Zanzibar. This study used 120 respondents including land owners, land officers and local government authorities. The results of this study show that, there is a need of effective land Policy in Zanzibar to guide various social and economic developments, control land use management, effective and easiest land ownerships as well as controlling land disputes. It also showed that land policy will reduce land disputes, proper land use as well as will identify the investment opportunities in west district. The study suggested the review of existing land Policy that will address the issues of effective land ownership and titling, introduction of effective legal instruments in every district to deal with land disputes, mobilize land departments and local government authorities and other land stake holders to work in strong collaboration.
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    Effectiveness of internal audit as an instrument for improving management in the public sector: A case study of Kibaha town council,
    (2014) Mosha, Angel
    The research centered on the use of auditing to improving public sector management using KIBAHA TOWN COUNCIL (KTC) in the Coast Region, as a case study. The main issue that guided this study was whether the internal audit department is discharging its responsibilities effectively. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of internal audit as an instrument for improving the management in the public sector in Tanzania. In realizing its objective, the study has employed a case study design which has provided the opportunity to such techniques as questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary review in the data collection process. The target population of this study targeted the KTC employees who formed 69 respondents. The data obtained in this research provided descriptive statistics and narrations. The study also used a multivariate regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The study found that management support had the greatest effect to the internal audit department as an instrument towards improving management practices at Kibaha Town Council. This factor is followed by risk monitoring and on the other hand the internal controls were found to have the least effect. The study recommends that in order for the council to be effective in its operation and service delivery it needs to pay attention to the contribution of internal auditing on its operations. This should go hand in hand with instituting risk mitigation in council's internal auditing operation. Staffing of the internal audit should be considered critical for the effectiveness of the council internal audit department.
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    Assessing the impact of computerized accounting system usage on organization performance in Tanzania: A case study on LGAs in Arusha region
    (2018) Anaeli, adelisa
    Information communication technology on computerized accounting system was intended to be effectively utilized in local governments to bring impact in the accounting and organization performance in LGA`s. This study aimed at assessing the impact of computerized accounting system usage on organization performance in Tanzania with special focus in local government authorities (LGA`s) in Arusha Region. The study used mainly primary data from 90 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. This study employed both descriptive analysis and regression analysis. A probit model was used to examine the relationship between computerized accounting system and organization performance. Under the descriptive analysis the study found that, all respondents surveyed in the LGAs use Computerized Accounting System. About 42% of respondents use Epicor in accounting system in organization, 30% use Excel, 21% use Tally, and the remaining 7% use Pastel. There was a significant difference in the means of the four groups of users of accounting systems with higher performance being associated with Epicor users. On the challenges encountered with the use of computerized accounting systems, it was found that 39% of respondents complained that CAS necessitate training to staff, 26% reported that computerized accounting system caused loss of data, 21% are challenged with the associated additional costs, and about 14% claimed it has resulted into wrong data entry. About 61 per cent of respondent reported that the organization is taking measures to overcome these challenges. In investigating the factors that are considered in choosing the accounting software, it was found that about 57% of respondents consider cost of training, 23% claimed initial cost of installation, and about 20% consider the acceptance by users. The Probit regression results indicate that, Marital Status, Education, Experience, Awareness, Training, Access to Use, and Other Use are significant factors influencing organization performance in LGAs in Arusha. This implies that government should capitalize in providing trainings to its employees to keep them updated with the changes in technology so as to achieve higher performance.
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    Ethical consideration and accounting system: A case of Tanzania standard (newspapers) limited
    (2013) Amani, Leah
    The study was to evaluate ethical consideration and accounting system in Tanzania Standard (Newspapers) Limited located in Dar es Salaam city center where 60 respondents participated in the research. The specific objectives were to investigate the context of ethical consideration and accounting system within TSN; to analyze how the accounting ethics improve accountability, transparency and objectivity; and to explain how public accountability and ethical standards in public government to ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Case study design, qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed during the study. Data collection methods employed included interviews, observations and documentary analysis which was facilitated by research instruments such interview questions, observation and documentary review guides. Content analysis method was used to analyze data and analyzed data is presented in this thesis based on research questions and objectives. Findings indicated are to analyze the ethical consideration and accounting system in a public sector needed by TSN employees. The researcher recommends that professionalism should be impacted in the organization whereby the company ethics and accounting system should be implemented in order for them to produced and delivered in the right time; quality, quantity, place and source taking into account the technological environment over which are indicators of good performance for the organization in researched.
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    Effects of Human Settlement and Activities on Water Resources in Morogoro region.
    (Mzumbe University, 2015) Semdoe, Mohammed S
    This study aimed at assessing the magnitude of the effects of human settlement and activities on water resources in line with the roles of IWRM Approach on ensuring equitable, economically sound, and environmentally sustainable management of water resources and provision of water services. The study objectives were specifically to assess the effects of human settlement and activities on water supply, water distribution, and water quality; the capacity of local institutions on water resources management, the effectiveness of fees system on water resources management, and the stakeholder’s involvement on planning water resources management. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study was conducted using cross sectional design where a total of 88 representative households were selected and interviewed. The study also involved two Focus Group Discussions to gather information necessary for in-depth analysis. The findings show that, the study area is dominated by agricultural activities as the main source of income. Human activities effects include; the problems in water supply, distribution, and quality which leads to slowing down of domestic and commercial activities; risk in drinking untreated water from open wells or surface waters; workload of women in the households becomes very heavy; too much time is wasted in search of water; of which only 40.9% of the respondents travel a short distance to access water services, also 31.8% of the respondents spent about 60 minutes in finding and fetching water for their families. Some water borne-diseases outbreak like diarrhea and cholera have been experienced in the study area. IWRM approach is not well rooted at village level, although few aspects of approach have been well implemented in the study area. Additionally, the study finds that; the National Water Policy (2002) is not much publicized to the local community; therefore, the local leaders in the study area especially at village and ward levels are not aware about the policy.
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    Microfinance and poverty reduction among women: A case of BRAC in Dodoma municipality
    (Mzumbe University, 2013) Rukia, Bakar Omar
    The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of loan provided by BRAC in reducing poverty among women in Dodoma Municipality. The study used cross sectional research design to achieve this objective. The target group was between women who had secured loans from BRAC and women who had not secured loans from any financial institutions at the time of the study. The study employed two main data sources, questionnaire and interview guide. The sample size was 100 respondents of which 47 were women who had secured loans from BRAC 47 women who had not secured loans from financial institutions and 6 officers from BRAC. Differences in poverty levels between loan beneficiaries and loan non-beneficiaries were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Differences were observed among five poverty indicators, namely income, savings, assets, education and health. Findings indicate that BRAC reach poor women in Dodoma Municipality as most of the loan conditions are affordable for even to very poor women. However, the findings revealed that no association was found between assets ownership, savings, access to better health services and better education with respect to being a BRAC member. Moreover, it was found that majority of women did not face any major constraint during loan processing, but some of them complained on delays, long process and hard conditions. The control group (non-beneficiaries) had no plan to secure loans from BRAC due to various reasons including interest rate, amount of loan given and hard conditions. This study recommends sensitization of the community on the potential of interest free financial services provided by some banks in Tanzania. Finally, areas for further research are given to enhance our understanding on the research topic.
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    Small agro-processing industries and rural household livelihoods in Tanzania; A case of ginger factory in Same district
    (2017) Augustino, Innocent Kashana
    This study is an effort to determine the contribution of Small Agro-Processing Industries (SAPIs) on improving Rural Household Livelihoods (RHLs) drawing principally on examples from ginger factory in Same District in Tanzania. This study covered three specific objectives which are to assess the contribution of ginger factory to farming households’ income; also, to determine the influence of ginger factory to the accessibility of social services including education, health and water in the study area; lastly, to examine the capacity of ginger factory in consuming farmers ginger produces. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive research design. Data were collected from 125 systematically sampled households and from purposive sampled select key informants. Data collection methods involved key informants' interview, observation and documentary review. The data of households’ income, food security and access to social services were analyzed descriptively in terms of frequencies and percentages using SPSS. Qualitative data were analyses using content analysis. The results showed that 29% of the respondents asserted that, their livelihoods have been improved through the presence of ginger factory during 2015 to 2016. However, 71% of the respondents claimed that they were not improving their livelihoods because they had to sell their ginger to middlemen at low price. Moreover, this study observed that the ginger factory did not operate effectively due to poor industrial machinery and inadequate capital. The study concluded that, SAPIs need to be improved due to its remarkable contribution in improving rural livelihoods. The study recommends the government through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) should promote ginger factory by allocating investors with enough skills and capital to operate this industry so as to improve people’s livelihoods.
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    Need of effective land policy in Zanzibar : A case study of West district;
    (2013) Mtambua, Hamziji Haji
    The main objective of this study was to examine the need of effective Land policy in Zanzibar with reference to West district as a case study and the specific objective was to examine social and economic effects of land dispute in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy of 1982, to identify the challenges of change of land use in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy in Zanzibar and to identify the opportunities that can be created by Zanzibar land policy. The major methods used in data collection were questionnaires, structured interview, observation and focus group discussion to get relevant information from the respondents. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel programme were used to analyze data, which were then summarized into frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and graphs for easier and to give clear understanding of the study. The growing population and increasing of social and economic activities including Tourism and service development require effective management and administration of land in order to use scarce land resource for development of Zanzibar. This study used 120 respondents including land owners, land officers and local government authorities. The results of this study show that, there is a need of effective land Policy in Zanzibar to guide various social and economic developments, control land use management, effective and easiest land ownerships as well as controlling land disputes. It also showed that land policy will reduce land disputes, proper land use as well as will identify the investment opportunities in west district.The study suggested the review of existing land Policy that will address the issues of effective land ownership and titling, introduction of effective legal instruments in every district to deal with land disputes, mobilize land departments and local government authorities and other land stake holders to work in strong collaboration.