Institute of Development Studies

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Use of chicken manure extract for biostimulation and enhancement of perchlorate rhizodegradation in soil and water media
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2007) Mwegoha, William J. S.; Mbuya, Odemari S.; Jai, Amita; Ugochukwu, Ngozi H.; Abazinge, Michael D.
The influence of biostimulation using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on rhizodegradation of perchlorate and plant uptake was studied under greenhouse conditions using soil and hydroponic bioreactors. One set of bioreactors planted with willow (Salix babylonica) plants was spiked with 300 mg L−1 DOC in the form of chicken manure extract, whereas a second set was not treated with DOC. A similar experiment without willow plants was run in parallel to the planted bioreactors. The planted soil bioreactors amended with DOC reduced perchlorate from 65.85 to 2.67 mg L−1 in 21 days for humic soil (95.95% removal) and from 68.99 to 0.06 mg L− 1 for sandy loam (99.91% removal) in 11 days. Nonplanted DOC treated soil bioreactors achieved complete perchlorate removal in 6 and 8 days for humic and sandy loam, respectively. Both planted and nonplanted soil bioreactors without DOC removed > 95% perchlorate within 8 days. Planted soil bioreactors respiked with perchlorate reduced perchlorate to nondetectable levels in 6 days. Hydroponics experiment amended with DOC reduced perchlorate from approximately 100 mg L− 1 to nondetectable levels within 7 to 9 days. Hydroponic bioreactors without DOC had low perchlorate removal rates, achieving 30% removal in 42 days. Leaf samples from sandy loam soil bioreactors without DOC had four times perchlorate phytoaccumulation than the DOC-treated plants. Similar results were obtained with the nonplanted bioreactors. Persistence of perchlorate in solution of planted hydroponic bioreactors without DOC amendment suggested that natural DOC from the plant exudates was not enough to biostimulate perchlorate reducing microbes. The hydroponic bioreactor study provided evidence that DOC is a limiting factor in the rhizodegradation of perchlorate.
The use of phytoremediation technology for abatement soil and groundwater pollution in Tanzania: opportunities and challenges
(Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 2008) Mwegoha, William J. S.
Contamination of soil and groundwater from anthropogenic sources is a major concern in many developing countries including Tanzania. Improper handling of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in many urban centers in Tanzania has often resulted into gas emissions and generation of leachate, which pose threat to the environment. Additionally, the use of pesticides for agricultural purposes is on the increase because of the need to improve crop production and control of pests, weed infestation and insect outbreaks. As a consequence, pesticide use has caused adverse contamination in soils and waters. The potentially negative impacts of these pesticide stocks on humans and the environment are of major concern. To make the situation more challenging, the country has experienced a substantially fast growth of the mining sector in many parts of the country over the past ten years, which has resulted in reported soil and water pollution from acid mine drainage with elevated concentrations of heavy metals. It is estimated that more than 30% of the Tanzanians depend on groundwater as their source of water. Most of the conventional methods for environmental remediation of these sites are expensive and often poorly implemented or not implemented at all. Thus, there is a clear need to develop new cost effective and environmentally friendly clean-up methods to remediate the contaminated areas in Tanzania. Phytoremediation is a relatively new and promising technology that uses plants to degrade, stabilize, metabolize or sequester potentially toxic compounds from the environment. This paper is aimed at assessing the potential of phytoremediation as a low-cost alternative, but which has yet to be studied and used in Tanzania.
Heavy metals accumulation in vegetables grown along the Msimbazi River in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(African Journals Online (AJOL), 2010) Kihampa, C; Mwegoha, William J. S.
Concentrations of cadmium, copper, chromium and lead was determined in four different edible vegetables namely Amaranthus blitum, A. gangeticus, Ipomea batata and Cucurbita maxima grown at four different sites along the contaminated Msimbazi River, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Analyses of these heavy metals were conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results obtained indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals range from below detection limit to 0.53, 0.14 to 29.08, 0.76 to 17.69, and below detection limit to 39.69 mg/100 g for cadmium, chromium, copper and lead, respectively. With exception to Ipomea batata, other vegetables contained at least two types of heavy metals with high concentrations beyond the permissible values recommended by FAO and WHO for human consumption. Concentrations of cadmium were within the acceptable limits for human consumption in all the vegetables investigated. This work, thus, seeks to provide information on levels of toxic heavy metals in leaves of edible vegetables irrigated with water contaminated by industrial and other anthropogenic effluents, and grown in contaminated soils along the Msimbazi River. The information can be used for monitoring processes to prevent excessive build-up in the food chain.
Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables grown in the vicinity of the closed dumpsite
(International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011) Kihampa, Charles; Mwegoha, William J. S.; Shemdoe, Riziki S.
Levels of heavy metals cadmium, lead, chromium, zinc and copper in five different edible vegetables, Amaranthus blitum, Vigna unguiculata, Ipomea batata, Solanum nigrum and Cucurbita maxima grown along the slopes of the closed dumpsite were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The extraction of heavy metals from the vegetables was done by dry ashing methods and data were analysed using Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel computer packages. Results obtained for five heavy metals in vegetables ranged between 0.28 and 1.50 mg/kg dw for cadmium; 0.49 and 20.65 mg/kg dw for lead; 1.15 and 29.39 mg/kg dw for chromium; 18.61 and 122.88 mg/kg dw for zinc and 3.96 and 22.47 mg/kg dw for copper. The levels of Zn, Cr, Pb and Cd were above the permissible levels of heavy metals in food as per FAO/WHO guidelines and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) standards. This implies that vegetables grown along the closed Mtoni dumpsite are not suitable for human consumption. This study highlights the potential risks involved in the cultivation and consumption of vegetables on plots along the dumpsites and irrigated with water contaminated with leachates effluents, a practice which may place at risk the health of the urban population who consume these vegetables.
Potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction: The case of Ruangwa district, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mbiha, Joram R.
This study was conducted in order to examine the potentiality of onion production to poverty reduction in Ruangwa District. The study aimed at addressing the trend of onion production, magnitude of poverty in the study area, the market potential of onions and limiting factors facing onion production in the study area. The study involved 127 respondents selected randomly or purposely to meet the study objectives. The data were collected using interview and administration of questionnaires. The study showed that onion production is a potential activity in poverty reduction to farmers engaged in onion production. This was revealed by existing market potential, income obtained from sale of onions and its expenditure. Despite of this potentiality of onions to poverty reduction, its production was not consistent as there was rise and fall due to market fluctuation, frequent climatic change, high prices of agricultural inputs as well as application of poor farming methods. That is why people decided to produce other crops in order to reduce the magnitude of poverty. The income obtained ranged between 100,000 to more than 500,000 Tshs and expenditure priorities included health (21.1%), education (36.6%), purchase of building materials (22.5%), acquisition of furniture (18.3%) and other uses (1.4%). Hindrance to onion production was also caused by existence of different challenges such as lack of extension services (26.8%), low level of farmers’ education (19.7%), presence of poor roads (14.1%), poor farming methods (7.0%), poor agricultural tools (1.4%), unreliable market (18.3%), lack of government support (9.9%) and other (2.8%). From these findings, it was concluded that onion production has high potential to poverty reduction though it was still not delivering its full potential to poverty reduction. Therefore, the study recommended that there is a need for the government and other stakeholders to ensure that there is a reliable market, prices of agricultural inputs are reduced and ensure that cooperative societies operate to safeguard interests of onion producers. There is also a need to improve delivery of extension services and quality of roads. These measures in turn can increase opportunity to onion producers to earn more income at household and national levels as well as sales of onion in the foreign market.
An assessment of high human population density and its impacts on land resources in Moshi district council, Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Alphonce, Emmanuel
This study attempted to assess the impacts of high human population density on land resources in Moshi District Council. Generally, other studies show that, developing countries experiencing the high demographic pressures while land resource to support the growth is fixed or limited and the mechanisms to adapt to, grow very slowly. Specifically, there is an extremely high human population density in areas around Kilimanjaro, especially in the Moshi District Council. This leads to land shortage that would be useful for agricultural production and infrastructure development, poor settlement planning, land use conflicts, land degradation, and serious environmental implications that can be linked to the increase of poverty level including lack of employment to the youth. This study used a case study design and sampling techniques based on purposive/non probability sampling and simple random sampling/probability sampling, while the sample size of a hundred respondents that was taken, was based on Nassiuma’s formula. The type and source of data were entirely on primary and secondary sources related to the study topic studied. The methods of data collection based on, written questionnaires/structured interview for key informants and field respondents, field observation of human settlement arrangement and cultivation areas. The documentary technique based on, written sources/secondary sources i.e. related reports, population census, books, and internet. Finally, the data were analyzed and presented with descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency, graphs and tables. This was done by using the Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Microsoft Excel was used to produce charts and graphs and Microsoft Word was used in compiling and writing up the reports.
Local institutions and water resources management in urban areas of Tanzania:The case of Mazimbu ward in Morogoro municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Seluhinga, Hilda P
The study explored involvement and participation of local institutions in water resources management in Mazimbu Ward within Morogoro Municipality. The study employed a case study design where data were collected using questionnaires and supplemented by interviews (primary data) from three categories of respondents, namely community members, MORUWASA staffs and local leaders. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 6. The findings revealed that more than Tsh 86,000/= was charged to the community members in getting water pipe per month. Nearly 44% of the community members were using private water tapes from their neighbourhood, who were connected from the main pipes. Public tapes were not operating well as institutions concerned were not repairing them as a time of leakages occurred for about 56%. Further it was reported that 36% of water resources management and protection rules and procedures were not cascaded down to the grassroots level hence rendering community involvement exercise difficult and unpractical at about 64%. This study recommends providing education to community members; also, water bills to be affordable, water pipes repair and maintenance should be done by the members themselves by organizing or forming a committee which will collect money through visiting one street after another and private water pipes installation should be discouraged. These can enhance the community involvement and reduce the complications that occur due to water scarcity. Therefore, further investigation is needed on local institutions and water resources management in urban areas because still in urban areas local communities are lowly involved in management of water resources. Water tapes are left without repair and the bills given are high, service delivery is not satisfactory and there is bad governance in the distribution of water in urban areas
Community participation in solid waste management in Kigoma urban a case study of Kigoma ujiji municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Luvakule, Deogratius Gaston
Achieving full and effective community participation in development activities is a hard task. However, it has been a key element to project development and sustainability. The inability of municipalities to handle the increasing amount of waste generated is a growing problem in many African cities. This study conducted in KigomaUjiji Municipality 2013, attempts to address the problem of solid waste management by looking at community participation on waste management issues. Solid waste in Kigoma Ujiji Municipality mostly are generated during the extraction of raw materials, processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, consumption of final products, and other human activities such as agriculture, fishing, construction, demolition and carpentry. Different methods of waste disposal for example, dumping and land fill leads to attraction of vermin example rats and mice which harbours diseases, dumping generate leachate which contaminate underground water, production of gas (carbon dioxide and methane) which produce unpleasant odor, green house gases and kills surface vegetation. Plastic bags when thrown in the farm reduces filtration of water into the soil, leading to low fertility of soil and low agricultural production also harbor mosquitoes and other pathogenic organisms. Eruption of diseases such as malaria, typhoid, and cholera can occur, especially when the plastic bags obstructed sewage system. Plastic bags lose attraction of the area. Burning of waste material and dust from industries can cause respiratory problems and air pollution to people and all these problems can lead to climatic change/global warming. This study recommended best ways which can make the environment clean. People have to pay for collection and transportation of solid waste, the community has to change attitude and culture. In doing so, one day we would have a clean Municipality
The impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on performance of Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC)
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Isote, Lynnchristine Gregory
This study aimed at exploring the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on performance of Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC). The study focused on examining ICT technologies available at TPC; assessing efforts used to improve product innovation in TPC; assessing performance trends before and after adoption of ICT in TPC and exploring customer responsiveness towards TPC services in the era of ICT. The study adopted a case study research design to attain its objectives. The sample size for the study was 62 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used whereby questionnaire, interviews, observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software were used in analysis, while data from in depth interviews were analyzed qualitatively. In this study, it was found that ICT technologies available at TPC include: computers, telephone and internet. Also, findings revealed that there was a statistically insignificance increase in performance before adoption of ICT and after adoption of ICT, whereby profitability of items posted in mails and logistic business, financial and agency business and courier business was assed, also Return on Asset and Marginal ratio were used as indicators. The eta squared statistic was applied and the results indicated very small effect size. In addition to that, the study revealed that customers still needed TPC services in the era of ICT in spite of development of other forms of communication like emails, mobile phones and internet. This study recommends increasing the government support to TPC by improving physical infrastructure and providing vehicles for transporting mail and parcel so that it can fulfill the major obligations of universal postal services to the customers so as to ensure efficiency in TPC operations. In order for TPC to enjoy the fruits of ICT on its performance, it must speed up the way of adopting ICT so as to ensure significance increase in performance. Finally, it is recommended that TPC must raise its trustworthiness, improve customer care, strengthen their network, improve their services and cope with market competition.
The Effectiveness of community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Tanzania: A case of Mbeya City Council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Nguge, Josephine F.
This study was conducted in Mbeya City Council to examine the effectiveness of the community approach in solid waste management at household and street levels. It aimed to identify the roles played by the community in the management of solid waste, the impact of the community involvement in the management of solid waste, factors affecting community participation in the management of solid waste and stakeholders’ views in improvement of the solid waste management. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the household and street levels in Mbeya City Council. A sample size of 65 respondents was drawn using purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and observation were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software and presented in tables, figures, and text. The findings revealed that the community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Mbeya City Council is partially effective in consideration of Ghana, Mwakibete and Igawilo wards where 80 percent of the respondents are participating in collecting solid waste in waste bins at household level and then send them to the communal container (collection points) ready to be collected to the dump site, it is less effective at street level where only 20 percent of the respondents were paying for solid waste collection fee thus accumulation of solid waste at collection points. This has contributed to poor service provision on solid waste management by the city council. The study recommended that, education should continue to be given to the community so that they will understand the benefit to be obtained when solid wastes are well managed; urban local authorities should make faster decisions in involving community based organizations (CBOs) and private investors to help them in the solid waste provision services. Also enforce the existing bylaws so that everyone who generated waste has to manage them by having containers at their locality for collecting the solid waste and pay waste collection fee at street level thus reduced load to the city and ensure effective management at household and street level.
Applicability of information and communication technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in selected teachers colleges in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Noyi, Said
This study investigated the applicability of Information and Communication Technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in teachers' colleges in Mara Regions in Tanzania. The study specifically examined the extent to which the ICT is applied by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs, identifies the challenges facing tutors when applying ICT in the teaching and learning process in TCs and establishes the strategies for effective use of ICT by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs. A total of 46 participants from one diploma teachers college and grade A teachers college were used. The sample category involved 2 principals, 2 heads of ICT departments, 2 academic deans obtained through purposive sampling and 40 tutors obtained through simple random sampling. The study employed exploratory research designs, while the research approach involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The data were gathered through closed-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observation and documentary review. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data was analysed by using SPSS version sixteen descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used to present data. Qualitative data was analysed by using thematic and content methods and presented by statements. The findings show that the tutors' ICT applications are commonly applied while the rest are not because of a lack of ICT knowledge or skills and infrastructure support. Major problems faced were personal or college based such as insufficiency in ICT knowledge and skills, lack of technical support and inadequacy of ICT facilities. Strategies to be applied should be personal-based, college based and ministry based. Study recommendations were based on teachers' colleges including principals of the college, academic deans, heads of ICT departments and tutors and the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training including teacher's departments and ICT units. Additionally, there is a need to review Education and Training Policy (ETP) of 1995 to accommodate changes in time that are occurring everywhere in the world.
Participation of local government authorities and the performance of intergrated water resources management in Tanzania: a case study of little Ruaha river, Iringa district
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Muginya, David M.
The intent of the study was to assess the participation of LGAs and the performance of integrated water resources management a case study of Little Ruaha River Iringa District. The study used a cross-sectional design to achieve its objectives. A sample size of 100 respondents was drawn using purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques were questionnaires, in –depth interview, observation, focus group discussion [FDG] and documentary review. Quantitative data were analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences [SPSS]. For qualitative data, content analysis was used to analyzed the data. The findings were presented in tables, charts and figures to ease interpretations. The study revealed that participation of LGAs in IWRM has been enhanced through establishment of District facilitation teams, water user associations in form of irrigators associations and community owned water supply organizations and village environmental committees. Further the findings indicated that local government authorities are involved in water resources management through various activities which include formation of water user associations, formation of water and environment committees, formulation of environmental and water sources protection bylaws and preparation of land use plans. The study findings also show that there is a good relationship between local government authorities and Basin water authorities. However, findings from the study revealed that local government authorities face a number of problems in managing water resources which include lack of funds, poor irrigation infrastructure, population increase, climate change. Moreover, findings from the study indicated that local government authorities are able to influence the performance of integrated water resources management in their areas of jurisdiction. The study recommendations include: increasing technical capacity by employing more extension officers at the ward and village level, allocating sufficient resources for construction and improving irrigation infrastructures, enforcement of water and environmental conservation by-laws developed by local government authorities.
Applicability of information and communication technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in selected teachers colleges in Tanzania
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Noyi, Said
This study investigated the applicability of Information and Communication Technologies in enriching curriculum implementation in teachers colleges in Mara Regions in Tanzania. The study specifically examined the extent to which the ICT is applied by tutors in teaching and learning process in TCs, identifies the challenges facing tutors when applying ICT in the teaching and learning process in TCs and establishes the strategies for effective use of ICT by tutors in the teaching and learning process in TCs. A total of 46 participants from one diploma teachers colleges and grade A teachers college were used. The sample category involved 2 principals, 2 heads of ICT departments, 2 academic deans obtained through purposive sampling and 40 tutors obtained through simple random sampling. The study employed exploratory research designs, while the research approach involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The data were gathered through closed ended questionnaires, semi structured interviews, observation and documentary review. Data were analysed through quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively data analysed by using SPSS version sixteen descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used to present data. Qualitatively data was analysed by using thematic and content methods and presented by statements. The findings show that the tutors ICT applications commonly applied while the rest not because of lack of ICT knowledge or skills and infrastructure support. Major problems faced were personal or college based such as insufficiency in ICT knowledge and skills, lack technical support and inadequacy of ICT facilities. Strategies to be applied should be personal based, college based and ministry based. Study recommendations were based to teachers colleges includes principals of the college, academic deans, heads of ICT departments and tutors and Ministry of Education and Vocational Training include teachers departments and ICT units. Additional, there is a need to review education and training Policy (ETP) of 1995 in order to accommodate changes in time that are occurring everywhere in the world.
Microfinance and poverty reduction among women: The case of BRAC in Dodoma municipal council
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Omari, Rukia B.
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of loan provided by BRAC in reducing poverty among women in Dodoma Municipality. The study used cross sectional research design to achieve this objective. The target group was between women who had secured loans from BRAC and women who had not secured loans from any financial institutions at the time of the study. The study employed two main data sources, questionnaire and interview guide. The sample size was 100 respondents of which 47 were women who had secured loans from BRAC; 47 women who had not secured loans from financial institutions and 6 officers from BRAC. Differences in poverty levels between loan beneficiaries and loan non-beneficiaries were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Differences were observed among five poverty indicators, namely income, savings, assets, education and health. Findings indicate that BRAC reach poor women in Dodoma Municipality as most of the loan conditions are affordable for even to very poor women. However, the findings revealed that no association was found between assets ownership, savings, access to better health services and better education with respect to being a BRAC member. Moreover, it was found that majority of women did not face any major constraint during loan processing, but some of them complained on delays, long process and hard conditions. The control group (non-beneficiaries) had no plan to secure loans from BRAC due to various reasons including interest rate, amount of loan given and hard conditions. This study recommends sensitization of the community on the potential of interest free financial services provided by some banks in Tanzania. Finally, areas for further research are given to enhance our understanding on the research topic.
Effectiveness of internal audit as an instrument for improving management in the public sector: A case study of Kibaha Town Council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Mosha, Angela
The research centred on the use of auditing to improving public sector management using Kibaha Town Council (KTC) in the Coast Region, as a case study. The main issue that guided this study was whether the internal audit department is discharging its responsibilities effectively. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of internal audit as an instrument for improving the management in the public sector in Tanzania. In realizing its objective, the study has employed a case study design which has provided the opportunity to such techniques as questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary review in the data collection process. The target population of this study targeted the KTC employees who formed 69 respondents. The data obtained in this research provided descriptive statistics and narrations. The study also used a multivariate regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The study found that management support had the greatest effect to the internal audit department as an instrument towards improving management practices at Kibaha Town Council. This factor is followed by risk monitoring and on the other hand the internal controls were found to have the least effect. The study recommends that in order for the council to be effective in its operation and service delivery it needs to pay attention to the contribution of internal auditing on its operations. This should go hand in hand with instituting risk mitigation in council’s internal auditing operation. Staffing of the internal audit should be considered critical for the effectiveness of the council internal audit department
The effectiveness of community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Tanzania : A case of Mbeya City Council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Nguge, Josephine F.
This study was conducted in Mbeya City Council to examine the effectiveness of the community approach in solid waste management at household and street levels. It aimed to identify the roles played by the community in the management of solid waste, the impact of the community involvement in the management of solid waste, factors affecting community participation in the management of solid waste and stakeholders’ views in improvement of the solid waste management. The study adopted a case study design, targeting the household and street levels in Mbeya City Council. A sample size of 65 respondents was drawn using purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and observation were used to collect primary data while documentary review method was used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel software and presented in tables, figures, and text. The findings revealed that the community approach in solid waste management at household and street level in Mbeya City Council is partially effective in consideration of Ghana, Mwakibete and Igawilo wards where 80 percent of the respondents are participating in collecting solid waste in waste bins at household level and then send them to the communal container (collection points) ready to be collected to the dump site, it is less effective at street level where only 20 percent of the respondents were paying for solid waste collection fee thus accumulation of solid waste at collection points. This has contributed to poor service provision on solid waste management by the city council. The study recommended that, education should continue to be given to the community so that they will understand the benefit to be obtained when solid wastes are well managed; urban local authorities should make faster decisions in involving community based organizations (CBOs) and private investors to help them in the solid waste provision services. Also enforce the existing bylaws so that everyone who generated waste has to manage them by having containers at their locality for collecting the solid waste and pay waste collection fee at street level thus reduced load to the city and ensure effective management at household and street level.
Microfinance and poverty reduction among Women: The case of BRAC in Dodoma municipal council
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Omari, Rukia B.
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of loan provided by BRAC in reducing poverty among women in Dodoma Municipality. The study used cross sectional research design to achieve this objective. The target group was between women who had secured loans from BRAC and women who had not secured loans from any financial institutions at the time of the study. The study employed two main data sources, questionnaire and interview guide. The sample size was 100 respondents of which 47 were women who had secured loans from BRAC; 47 women who had not secured loans from financial institutions and 6 officers from BRAC. Differences in poverty levels between loan beneficiaries and loan nonbeneficiaries were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Differences were observed among five poverty indicators, namely income, savings, assets, education and health. Findings indicate that BRAC reach poor women in Dodoma Municipality as most of the loan conditions are affordable for even to very poor women. However, the findings revealed that no association was found between assets ownership, savings, access to better health services and better education with respect to being a BRAC member. Moreover, it was found that majority of women did not face any major constraint during loan processing, but some of them complained on delays, long process and hard conditions. The control group (non-beneficiaries) had no plan to secure loans from BRAC due to various reasons including interest rate, amount of loan given and hard conditions. This study recommends sensitization of the community on the potential of interest free financial services provided by some banks in Tanzania. Finally, areas for further research are given to enhance our understanding on the research topic.
The effects of informal settlements on environmental management in Temeke Municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Mwamhanga, Evaristo Benitho
This study examined the effects of informal settlements on environmental management. Specifically, it aimed at identification of the socioeconomic effects of informal settlements on environmental management, examination of community role in environmental management in informal settlements and determination on the strategies that will improve environmental management in the study area. The study was conducted in Temeke Municipality and Keko ward in particular. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires while secondary data were collected through interview. The study involved 102 respondents in which 95 were household respondents and 7 were key informants. Data collected were subjected to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), multiple response and Chi-square for analysis. The study findings revealed that, socioeconomic effects of informal settlements have contributed negatively to environmental management. It was found that community role was ineffective to manage environments in informal settlements. It was further disclosed that environmental education, provision of environmental infrastructure and implementation of bylaws were found to be appropriate strategies for better environmental management in Temeke Municipality. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that, the Temeke Municipality Council should prepare an effective municipal environmental policy to address environmental problems occurring in informal settlements. Strategies such as provision of environmental education, public and private sector partnership creation of dumping sites and adequate supply of facilities for environmental management through clearly organized programmes, plans and projects should be used to improve the sustainability of environmental resources at the household, Streets and Ward with an emphasis of reversing the negative effect of informal settlements on environmental resources. Finally, areas including environmental education and community participation in environmental management were suggested for further studies.
Need of effective land policy in Zanzibar : A case study of West district;
(2013) Mtambua, Hamziji Haji
The main objective of this study was to examine the need of effective Land policy in Zanzibar with reference to West district as a case study and the specific objective was to examine social and economic effects of land dispute in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy of 1982, to identify the challenges of change of land use in Zanzibar in relation to Land Policy in Zanzibar and to identify the opportunities that can be created by Zanzibar land policy. The major methods used in data collection were questionnaires, structured interview, observation and focus group discussion to get relevant information from the respondents. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel programme were used to analyze data, which were then summarized into frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and graphs for easier and to give clear understanding of the study. The growing population and increasing of social and economic activities including Tourism and service development require effective management and administration of land in order to use scarce land resource for development of Zanzibar. This study used 120 respondents including land owners, land officers and local government authorities. The results of this study show that, there is a need of effective land Policy in Zanzibar to guide various social and economic developments, control land use management, effective and easiest land ownerships as well as controlling land disputes. It also showed that land policy will reduce land disputes, proper land use as well as will identify the investment opportunities in west district.The study suggested the review of existing land Policy that will address the issues of effective land ownership and titling, introduction of effective legal instruments in every district to deal with land disputes, mobilize land departments and local government authorities and other land stake holders to work in strong collaboration.
An assessment of high human population density and its impacts on land resources in Moshi district council, Tanzania
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Alphonce, Emmanuel
This study attempted to assess the impacts of high human population density on land resources in Moshi District Council. Generally, other studies show that, developing countries experiencing the high demographic pressures while land resource to support the growth is fixed or limited and the mechanisms to adapt to, grow very slowly. Specifically, there is an extremely high human population density in areas around Kilimanjaro, especially in the Moshi District Council. This leads to land shortage that would be useful for agricultural production and infrastructure development, poor settlement planning, land use conflicts, land degradation, and serious environmental implications that can be linked to the increase of poverty level including lack of employment to the youth. This study used a case study design and sampling techniques based on purposive/non probability sampling and simple random sampling/probability sampling, while the sample size of a hundred respondents that was taken, was based on Nassiuma’s formula. The type and source of data were entirely on primary and secondary sources related to the study topic studied. The methods of data collection based on, written questionnaires/structured interview for key informants and field respondents, field observation of human settlement arrangement and cultivation areas. The documentary technique based on, written sources/secondary sources i.e. related reports, population census, books, and internet. Finally, the data were analysed and presented with descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency, graphs and tables. This was done by using the Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Microsoft Excel was used to produce charts and graphs and Microsoft Word was used in compiling and writing up the reports.