Directorate of Library Services
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Item Contents analysis of library professional jobs advertised in Ajira portal by public service recruitment secretariat (PSRS) in Tanzania(© Emerald Publishing Limited, 2025-05-26) Siyao, Peter Onauphoo; Chishami, Ashery MhululaPurpose – The purpose of this study was to establish the level at which duties and responsibilities outlined in library jobs advertised in Ajira Portal are aligned with job market and skills requirement in digital library environment in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach – This study used quantitative content analysis method to systematically analyze library professional jobs advertised online in Ajira Portal by public service recruitment secretariat in Tanzania for over five-years ranging fromJanuary 1, 2019 to December 30, 2023. Findings – The findings show that for the period of five-years there were 46 library job advertisements with 147 library job positions that yielded an average of only (9; 20%) job advertisements per year, only (3; 2.24%) of all job positions for each advertisement and only (29; 19.70%) of all job positions for each year. This implies that there is a low rate of employment of Library and Information Studies/Science (LIS) professionals in Tanzania which is inversely proportional to the number of LIS graduates in the said field of the study. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the data archive of 2019–2023 LIS professionals job advertisements in the Ajira Portal, and only public institutions were represented in the sample. Practical implications – Results of this study act as an eye opener for the LIS schools’/training institutions to incorporate essential skills and competencies into the curricular for preparing LIS professionals for aligning their professions with duties and responsibilities in digital library environment in Tanzania. Originality/value – The study has contributed to growing body of knowledge on the importance of content analysis of library jobs advertisements for identifying current skills required by various professions by the employersItem Sources used and the challenges encountered by newspaper journalists when covering environmental conservation information in Tanzanian newspapers(Sage, 2025) Siyao, Peter Onauphoo; Mbughuni, Anna Shangwe; Chishami, Ashery MhululaBackground: Environmental conservation is a crucial global issue, and in Tanzania, newspaper journalists play a vital role in raising awareness and educating the public. Purpose: This study explores the sources Tanzanian newspaper journalists use to gather environmental conservation information and examines the challenges they face in reporting on these issues. Research Design, Study Sample, Data Collection and/or Analysis: Using a qualitative research design, the study involved journalists from four major newspapers: Daily News, The Guardian, Mwananchi, and Habari Leo. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 20 journalists for in-depth interviews and content analysis of published articles. Results: The findings indicate that journalists rely on sources such as government agencies, environmental conservation organizations, academic experts, community voices, social media, corporate sources, international reports, and their own observations to cover information they publish in the newspapers. However, they encounter barriers such as a lack of prioritization for environmental news, resource constraints, insufficientskills and knowledge, time limitations, low public literacy on environmental issues, restricted access to credible information, and political and commercial pressures. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for improved journalism education and policy support to enhance environmental reporting. It recommends comprehensive training for journalists, increased awareness of the importance of environmental news, better access to diverse sources, and a supportive media environment to strengthen conservation coverage in Tanzania.Item Determinants of artificial intelligence use in research at higher learning institutions of Tanzania(African Quarterly Social Science Review, 2025) Mbilinyi, Augustino Peter; Mwalukasa, Nicholous; Mahenge, MichaelArtificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized as a transformative tool in higher education, yet its adoption for research purposes in Tanzanian Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) remains limited. This study assessed the determinants of using AI in HEIs of Tanzania, specifically, the study examined the extent of AI usage in research and the factors influencing its adoption, it was guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. A cross-sectional research design with a mixed-methods approach was used. The target population for the study comprised 1872 academic staff, however, only 253 participants were studied. The study sample was selected using systematic, purposive, and convenience sampling techniques from Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Mbeya University of Science and Technology (MUST), and the University of Dodoma (UDOM). Collected data was coded on IBM SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis, such as mean, frequency, and percentages, was used, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the determinants of using AI in Research activities. The findings revealed that AI tools, such as Grammarly, QuillBot, and ChatGPT, were primarily used for research tasks such as grammar checking, paraphrasing, and brainstorming ideas. Moreover, ChatGPT was used in brainstorming and literature reviews. Furthermore, the study reveals that performance expectancy (β=0.23), effort expectancy (β =0.20), teaching experience (β =-.039), and workload (β =-.083) significantly influenced AI adoption. The study concludes that AI tools were seldom used for research purposes. The study recommends that, in order to enhance AI usage, there is a need for universities to create awareness and increase knowledge on AI among academics, as well as to integrate AI tools into the research life cycle.Item A systematic review of the extant literature on the Tanzanian e-government services for economic development(Sage, 2024) Mwilongo, Kardo J.; Kachota, BethThis paper investigates the existing Tanzanian e-government services for economic development through a systematic review of the literature. The main objective is to examine researchers’ articles on e-government services towards achieving the Tanzanian economic growth as well as the current issues and trends on e-government globally. Specifically, this study aims to answer three research questions on: what are the functional e-government services in Tanzania? What is the level of Tanzanian e-government service performance? And what are the factors influencing Tanzanian e-government service performance for economic development? A systematic literature search was conducted on four aggregate data sources, which included Google Scholar, ResearchGate, CORE, and Refseek. A combination of search key terms was employed to obtain the data sources from 2015 to 2022. One hundred and five articles were found by the combined search and screened, resulting to eighteen articles that were recommended for the study. Content and Microsoft Excel computer application were used to analyse the screened data sources. The findings reveal that, a number of functional services is offered and considered potential for revenue collection and contribute to the nation’s economic development. Nevertheless, Tanzania has improved and dynamically advanced to the transaction level of e-government implementation where the majority of the citizens interact for services and information. However, factors related to the activeness of the platforms, accessibility, usability, infrastructure, security issues, privacy, and technical support services among others, were identified to influence the performance of Tanzanian e-government services and thus call attention to the government in addressing these issues.Item Assessing journalists’ language tone and sources used in reporting HIV/AIDS information in Tanzanian newspapers(Sage, 2024) Kanyika, Martin E; Siyao, Peter OThis paper assesses the tone of the language and the key sources used by the journalists when reporting HIV/ AIDS information in Tanzania’s newspapers for six years between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019 respectively. Two leading broadsheets published on daily basis, the Daily News and Mwananchi were selected. Content analysis and discourse analysis were used as the data collection and analysis methods. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 was used to analyze quantitative data whereas NVivo was used to analyze qualitative data. The findings indicate that the language employed was offensive, discouraging, and laden with complex terminology. Additionally, the study uncovered an optimistic and positive tone in the messages, yet the structure of sentences lack persuasiveness. Moreover, the findings underscore a reliance on international sources for HIV/AIDS information. The research suggests that the overall language employed was inadequate. It asserts that despite the usage of positive tone, yet the language employed lack constructive, informative qualities and not suitably framed for the easy comprehension of their target audience. Furthermore, the findings advocate for journalists to consistently seek improved language tone for conveying HIV/AIDS information to the public. Moreover, the current study proposes that media outlets should provide training to the journalists on the good techniques of framing HIV/ AIDS information covered in Tanzanian newspapers for awareness creation. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the journalists’ importance of using positive language tones when covering and reporting HIV/AIDS information in the newspapers for awareness creation in Tanzania.Item A systematic review of the extant literature on the Tanzanian e-government services for economic development(Sage, 2024) Mwilongo, Kardo J.; Kachota, BethThis paper investigates the existing Tanzanian e-government services for economic development through a systematic review of the literature. The main objective is to examine researchers’ articles on e-government services towards achieving the Tanzanian economic growth as well as the current issues and trends on e-government globally. Specifically, this study aims to answer three research questions on: what are the functional e-government services in Tanzania? What is the level of Tanzanian e-government service performance? And what are the factors influencing Tanzanian e-government service performance for economic development? A systematic literature search was conducted on four aggregate data sources, which included Google Scholar, ResearchGate, CORE, and Refseek. A combination of search key terms was employed to obtain the data sources from 2015 to 2022. One hundred and five articles were found by the combined search and screened, resulting to eighteen articles that were recommended for the study. Content and Microsoft Excel computer application were used to analyse the screened data sources. The findings reveal that, a number of functional services is offered and considered potential for revenue collection and contribute to the nation’s economic development. Nevertheless, Tanzania has improved and dynamically advanced to the transaction level of e-government implementation where the majority of the citizens interact for services and information. However, factors related to the activeness of the platforms, accessibility, usability, infrastructure, security issues, privacy, and technical support services among others, were identified to influence the performance of Tanzanian e-government services and thus call attention to the government in addressing these issues.Item Library service provision for improved satisfaction among library users in selected university libraries in Tanzania(Regional Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 2024) Kaishe-Mulungu, Dativa Donati; Mugyabuso Julius Festo, Lwehabura; Consolata, AngelloRationale of Study – Libraries are crucial in providing services and information resources. However, university libraries in Tanzania lack sufficient services, facilities, and resources to meet the needs of their users. Therefore, this study assessed user satisfaction with library services in Tanzania. Specifically, to determine the existing library services provision in the selected universities, to determine the extent of users' satisfaction with library services, and to examine the influence of library service provision on user satisfaction. Methodology – The sample size was 397 respondents, who were academic staff, library staff and students from five selected universities, selected through simple random sampling as per Israel (1992) sample determination table, and 68 key informants, who were heads of university departments, were selected through purposive sampling. Both qualitative and quantitative information were collected using questionnaires and interviews. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS software, while the qualitative were analysed through content analysis. Findings – The results indicated that the primary services provided by libraries were circulation (22.2%), internet (15.6%) and reference services (14.9%). Furthermore, the study found that the satisfaction levels were statistically significant at 5% and 1% levels of significance. The majority of respondents (53%) rated the service quality in terms of information availability as high. Implications – The study also revealed that library service provision significantly influenced user satisfaction. These results imply that respondents were satisfied with library services. However, there are some challenges, such as internet connectivity, institutional repository and secretarial services, which were recommended for improvement. Originality – This is an original study conducted in five selected universities in TanzaniaItem Using open access institutional repositories (OAIRs) for enhancing access to local contents in Tanzanian Universities(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023) Mbughuni, Anna ShangweOpen Access Institutional Repositories (OAIRs) are technologies that enhance access to local content produced by academic staff members in universities. However, these OAIRs in Tanzania have fewer uploaded scholarly contents produced by academic staff members than is the case with OAIRs of universities in other countries. This study investigated how OAIRs in Tanzania enhance access to local content to meeting the diverse information needs of potential users. Specifically, the study established the extent to which academic staff members engage in self-archiving of local contents in OAIRs, and determined factors that influence self-archiving of local contents in OAIRs, the usage patterns of OAIRs and how OAIR policy can be used to improve the collection of OAIR contents in selected universities in Tanzania. The study area includes four selected public universities in Tanzania namely: Mzumbe University (MU), University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), and Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). This study was guided by the pragmatic paradigm; and used a cross-sectional survey research design to investigate how OAIRs in Tanzania enhance access to local content to meet the diverse information needs of potential users. The study involved 2894 participants including 413 (academic staff) that were obtained through systematic random sampling, four Heads of Department, two ICT technicians, and two Library Technicians. These eight key informants were selected through purposive sampling techniques. The study collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Interviews and structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data while literature on OAIRs, OAIR policy documents, and statistics from ROAR and Open DOAR were v used to collect secondary data. The SPSS version 22- computer software programme was used to analyse quantitative data where descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, which were presented in a narrative form. The thesis is organized in paper format. The first paper explored academic staff members’ engagement in depositing locally produced content in OAIRs in public universities in Tanzania. Findings showed that 92.5 per cent of the academic staff members were aware of the OAIRs and 46.2 per cent reported to engage themselves in self-archiving their scholarly works in OAIRs. Furthermore, the study revealed that poor Internet connectivity and unstable power supply were the challenges academic staff members faced in depositing their scholarly publications in OAIRs. The second paper investigated how the self-archiving of scholarly publications in OAIRs can be strengthened for improved access to local content in Tanzania. Findings showed that the self-archiving of scholarly publications in OAIRs is influenced by factors such as motivating, technical support, influence of colleagues, OAIRs policy, and supporting services. Likewise, the study revealed, the lack of personal benefit, inadequate advocacy, the low level of awareness, the lack of sufficient ICT infrastructure and plagiarism as barriers against self-archiving. The third paper investigated how OAIR submission policy can be used to improve OAIR contents. Findings showed that the OAIR submission policy is available in their universities, as reported by 46.2 per cent of the respondents. The findings also revealed that OAIR submission policy has been used to direct academic staff to submit their scholarly publications in OAIRs (45.5%). Furthermore, in order to improve the collection of OAIR contents, regular awareness creation of the rules and regulations on how to submit in OAIRs was vii cited 24.5 per cent of the respondents as important strategy of increasing the use of OAIRs cited. About 18.5 per cent of the respondents suggested effective implementation of OAIR submission policy for academic staff members to submit in the university OAIRs as another strategy. About 16.3 per cent suggested for an increase visibility and accessibility of OAIR policy through the university website; and about 14 per cent suggested that OAIRs submission policy be made clear to authors and the institutions operating the OAIRs. The fourth paper investigated the usage patterns of OAIRs among academic staff members in Tanzanian universities. Findings indicated that 43.7 per cent of the respondents used OAIRs for accessing and downloading scholarly publications, 40.7 per cent used OAIRs for browsing and reviewing scholarly publications for teaching, learning, and research work and 32.9 per cent used OAIRs for self-archiving their scholarly outputs. Likewise, the study found that motivation and social factors were the only variables that had a unique influence on the use of OAIRs at a 1 per cent level of significance (p=0.000). Furthermore, awareness creation of the use of OAIRs and the provision of enough digital skills and ICT infrastructure were found important in improving the use of OAIRs. From the foregoing findings and observations, it is concluded that academic staff members are not engaged much in self-archiving their scholarly publications in OAIRs, and the OAIRs policy regarding submission requirements is not implemented as intended; as a result, local contents are poorly uploaded in OAIRs. Therefore, the management of universities should engage academic staff members in self-archiving their academic publications in OAIRs, raise awareness of staff; improve staff's digital skills; provide adequate ICT facilities, manuals and technical assistance to staff on the use of OAIRs and self-archiving; and implement OAIR submission policy in the collection of OAIR contents. These will increase the amount of content and thereby enhance access to local content in OAIRs.Item Using open access institutional repository policy to improve content in four Tanzanian public universities(Publisher regional institute of information and knowledge management, 2023) Mbughuni, Anna S.; Mtega, Wulystain P.; Malekani, Andrew W.This study investigated how OAIR policy can be used to improve OAIR contents. Specifically, the study sought to determine the level of awareness of the OAIR policy among academic staff members in the selected universities, examine the use of OAIR policy in the collection of OAIR contents in the selected universities, and find out how the OAIR policy can be used to improve the growth of OAIR content. Methodology – Systematic random and purposive sampling procedures were used to obtain the study sample. The sample size included 413 academic staff and eight key informants. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from a structured questionnaire, interview and secondary data. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22 and content analysis. Findings .Key findings revealed that 46.2 per cent of the respondents were aware of the OAIR policy. The findings also revealed that 45.5 per cent indicated that OAIR policy directs them to submit their scholarly publications in OAIRs and also specify the types of content to be held in OAIRs. Implications. Therefore, the study concluded that OAIRs policy forms the vital components that have a positive influence on the growth of content in OAIRs without a policy, OAIRs may remain virtually empty. Therefore, creating awareness of OAIR policy and emphasizing more in the area of submission of content would enhance the growth of OAIR content. Originality. This is an original study on how OAIR policy can be used to improve OAIR contents in four public universities in Tanzania.Item Usage patterns of Open access institutional repositories in Tanzania: A case of selected public universities(Library philosophy and practice (e-journal), 2022) Mbughuni, Anna ShangweThe purpose of this study was to investigate the usage patterns of OAIRs among university community members in Tanzania universities. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model used to guide this study. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. Systematic random and purposive sampling procedures were used to obtain a total of 292 respondents and eight key informants respectively. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS and qualitative data were analyzed by using content analysis. The study found that 54.5% of the respondents indicated the use of OAIRs are to collect, preserve and disseminate scholarly publications and 54.5% to provide information resources for teaching, learning, and research. The study found that faculty members are using OAIRs very often. 66.4% of the respondents indicated that factors motivate to use OAIRs are to enjoy access to articles without hindrance and charges, 54.5% provisional of open access to a wider audience of researchers and 47.4% to increase the impact of researchers’ work. The study found that challenges influencing the use of OAIRs are low level of awareness, lack of ICTs infrastructure and lack of skills in using OAIRs. The study concludes that there is still much to be done in Tanzanian universities to improve the extent of OAIRs usage. The study recommends for provisional of skills in using OAIRs, stable ICTs facilities such as enough computers, Internet, and creation of more awareness on the use of OAIRs.