Faculty of Social Sciences

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    Economic burden of malaria in Tanzania: An investigation of children under five years
    (UDSM, 2017) Chamwali, Lihoya Antony
    The importance of having good health for both parents and their children cannot be ignored, as it allows households to participate effectively in activities which earn them income. This study analyzes the economic burden of malaria in Tanzania for households with children under five years. Specifically it examines the effect of the presence of the under five malaria admissions on households’ incomes and wages, estimates the effect of the presence of under five malaria admissions on households’ agricultural output and finds out the determinants of under five malaria admissions. The study uses the Tanzania National Panel Survey (TNPS) data set which was conducted in three waves by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The first, second and third waves were conducted in years 2008/9, 2010/11 and 2012/13 respectively. The survey covered more than 3000 households in each wave. But for the purpose of this study, more than 600 households who had under five children and who were interviewed in all the three rounds formed the main sample size of the study. A fixed effect model is used to analyze the effect of the presence of the under five malaria admissions on households’ wages and incomes. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) is used to analyze the effect of the presence of the under five malaria admissions on households’ agricultural output and the panel logit regression model is used to find the determinants of the under five malaria admissions. The results reveal that the presence of the under five children admitted with malaria in a household burdens households as its income and wages are reduced by 12.06 percent and 6.6 percent respectively, while households’ agricultural output was reduced by 18.94 percent in 2008/9 and by 28.94 percent in 2012/13 holding climate related factors constant. The study has also revealed that a large size of the household , age of the household head and sources of drinking water (both well water, river water and piped water) put the under five children at risk of having malaria admissions. The policy implications of the findings are that the government needs to focus on the prevention of malaria through indoor and outdoor spraying in addition to the distribution of free mosquito nets. A malaria free society will allow households to increase hours of work in productive activities and this will increase their incomes. Households will also become food secure if malaria rates are reduced due to effective participation in agricultural activities. Besides, the government needs to ensure that leaking pipes are repaired timely so as to reduce the mosquitoes breeding places, especially ponds of leaked water around homes.
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    Hatima ya maisha ya Waafrika katika Bunilizi za Kiswahili: Mwegamo wa kifalsafa
    (Ruaha Journal of Arts and Social Sciences (RUJASS), 2021) Duwe, Martina
    Makala hii imefafanua sababu za hatima ya maisha ya mwanadamu kulingana na fikra za Waafrika kwa kurejelea riwaya za Utengano (1980) na Tata za Asumini (1990). Data za msingi zilizofafanuliwa katika makala hii zimepatikana maktabani kwa kutumia mbinu ya usomaji makini. Nadharia ya Udhanaishi imetumika kama mwegamo muhimu katika uchambuzi na mjadala wa data zilizowasilishwa katika katika utafiti uliofanyika. Matokeo yanaonesha kuwa utajiri wa maarifa yaliyomo ndani riwaya teule husawiri maudhui na fikra halisi za Waafrika kulingana na tamaduni zao. Fikra hizo hudhihirisha falsafa inayotawala maisha yao. Pia, hubainisha sababu mbalimbali za hatima ya mwanadamu kulingana na mitazamo ya Waafrika. Kifo ni miongoni mwa sababu zilizobainika wazi katika riwaya teule kuwa kinasababishwa na maamuzi ya Mungu, maovu ya mwanadamu mwenyewe na watu wanaomzunguka katika mazingira yake halisi; na namna Waafrika wanavyofikiri juu ya sababu za hatima ya maisha yao. Mwandishi anayaonesha haya ili kudhihirisha uhalisi wa fikra za jamii yake kama sampuli ya jamii za Kiafrika. Makala hii inahitimisha kuwa fasihi andishi inahifadhi na kuonesha maarifa yanayoisawiri jamii husika.
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    Usawiri wa eskatolojia ya Waafrika katika mbolezi za Wangoni
    (CHALUFAKITA 2020, JUZ. NA. 2, 2020) Duwe, Martina
    Eskatolojia ni kipengele kimojawapo kinachodhihirisha falsafa ya jamii za Waafrika kulingana na mila na desturi zao. Tafiti nyingi zilizofanywa kuhusu dhana hii zimejiegemeza katika muktadha wa kiteolojia. Baadhi ya tafiti hizo ni zile zilizofanywa na Baloyi (2008) na Lup (2013). Licha ya kuwapo kwa tafiti hizo, dhana ya eskatolojia ya Waafrika hususani fasihi simulizi za jamii ya Wangoni bado haijamakinikiwa ipasavyo. Aidha, ni wazi kwamba fasihi simulizi ni fasihi inayobeba na kuibua maarifa ya kifalsafa yanayoisawiri jamii husika kulingana na kaida zao. Kwa mantiki hiyo, makala hii inajadili usawiri wa eskatolojia ya Waafrika katika kipera cha mbolezi hususani za jamii ya Wangoni ili kubainisha maarifa yanayobebwa katika kipera hicho. Makala hii ni matokeo ya utafiti uliofanyika kwa kutumia mbinu ya ushuhudiaji shirikishi katika matukio yanayoambatana na suala la kifo na mahojiano ya ana kwa ana na baadhi ya Wangoni katika mazingira yao halisi. Data zimechanganuliwa kwa njia ya maelezo. Data hizo zinaonesha kuwapo kwa eskatolojia ya Waafrika katika mbolezi za jamii hiyo. Hata hivyo, makala hii inajadili vipengele muhimu vitatu tu ambavyo ni: kuamini katika uwepo wa Mungu, mwendelezo wa maisha baada ya kifo na nguvu za waliokufa (mizimu).
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    Financing adult and non-formal education centres in Tanzania: A case of Tunduru district council
    (Mzumbe University, 2019) Haridi, Saidi Omari
    This study examined how Adult and Non-Formal Education centers are financed in Tunduru District Council in Tanzania. Objectives of this study were to examine sources of funds, to explore the methods of allocating funds, and to examine the challenges of fund allocation for ANFE centers. 5 wards and 49 participants were involved in the study. The study employed qualitative approach and applied case study design. Participants were selected using purposive and convenience non-probability sampling techniques. Data were collected using interview, focus group discussion and review of documents. Content analysis technique was applied in analyzing data gathered from the field. Findings indicate that financing ANFE centers in Tunduru DC was mostly done by the adult learners’ themselves through their contributions from individual income generating projects, individual and local volunteers with very little support from the government. The research revealed that there were no proper methods of fund allocation for ANFE centers because the government disburses very low and irregular funds to run these centers; and most of the little funds supported depends on programme -based from the donors and local volunteers. Again, the study uncovered ANFE centres face with multiple challenges including underfunding; dependency in untrained and lowly paid or not paid at all adult facilitators’ honoraria, poor teaching-learning environment, acute shortage of qualified adult education facilitators, and lack of motivations among teachers, and adult education learners. Several recommendations are made specifically for financing ANFE centers.
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    E-Government in marketing a country: A strategy for reducing transaction cost of doing business in Tanzania
    (International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2011) Kachwamba, Muhajir; Sæbø, Øystein
    There are limited studies examining the role of Investment Promotion Agencies (IPA’s) and their respective marketing techniques used in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Using an exploratory case study approach, this article addresses this research gap by exploring the role of e-government as a promotion technique in eliminating barriers to FDI inflows in Tanzania; particularly barriers related to information accessibility and bureaucratic procedures facing foreign investors in acquiring relevant licenses and business permits. The findings indicate that foreign investors utilize information to create knowledge of business environment in the host country, though some additional information may not be found due to informational specificity of a particular investment project. In addition, the findings indicate that implementation of e-government has reduced some monetary and non-monetary transaction costs of complying with government authorities. The article contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the field of marketing by examining the role of e-government services in the public sector marketing within a macro-marketing domain.
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    Internet-based information and foreign direct investment (FDI) location decision making: An information cost perspective
    (Acadenic journals, 2012) Kachwamba, Muhajir; Sæbø, Øystein
    Information and communication technology (ICT) is considered to play an important role to reduce information cost for potential foreign investors. While a growing body of literature has suggested such connections, conceptual clarity is yet to be achieved. This study introduces a conceptual framework based on the Information-theoretic approach and transaction cost perspective to explore how ICT may reduce information cost. To illustrate our proposed framework, we apply it to examine the role of Internet-based information, published by the Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) on the information needs for foreign investors intending to invest in Tanzania. The findings indicated that general information on investment opportunities and regulatory entry procedures is mainly accessible through IPA´s web pages. Nevertheless, the findings revealed that more specific information on industry competitiveness is not found, although it is important for strategic investment location choice. Public information is combined with alternative sources of information to meet the information requirement for potential investors. Our findings indicate that Internet-based sources of information can reduce part of the information cost facing foreign investors, if properly organized. Our proposed framework extends the discourse on how ICT may influence information cost for foreign investors and contributes to our knowledge on the impact of ICT in the business sector focusing on the Government to business domain. Based on our findings we propose insights into studying and developing ICT-based services for IPAs in their efforts to attract Foreign Direct Investment.
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    Tourism-driven livelihood dynamics: A comprehensive empirical study of Mount Kilimanjaro National Park communities in Tanzania
    (International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 2024) Kitole, Felician Andrew; Sesabo, Jennifer Kasanda
    Tourism is pivotal for rural economic development; however, despite hosting a substantial number of tourists, many developing countries with rural landscapes face persistent poverty among local communities. This study aims to delve into the impact of tourism (geo-heritage and national parks) on local livelihoods, examining drivers for livelihood portfolios and community decisions to engage in tourism activities. The Multivariate Probit, and instrumental variable models (Instrumental Variable Probit, and Two Stage Least Squares) were employed on data from 582 respondents collected through cross-sectional questionnaires. Results highlight the significant influence of socioeconomic factors—sex, age, household size, credit access, market access, social membership, and education—on livelihood portfolio. Results show that specific tourism activities, such as accommodation services, handcrafts, catering and hospitality, and tour guiding, exert varying effects on household food security, income, and access to essential social services. Challenges hindering participation include education levels, information and awareness, service quality, cultural barriers, financial costs, government policies, competition, resource monopolisation, corruption, and infrastructure deficiencies. Recommendations include investments in skill development, infrastructure enhancement, cultural preservation, financial inclusion, regulatory frameworks, and community awareness programs. These strategies aim to facilitate household participation in tourism activities, promoting geo-tourism and enhancing the well-being of Mount Kilimanjaro National Park communities. Policymakers are urged to im plement these measures to uplift local livelihoods and foster sustainable tourism in the region.
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    The effectiveness of direct school funding approach in primary schools in Tanzania: A case of Chalinze District
    (Mzumbe University, 2019) Gamba, Charles
    Basic education financing and set up suitable approach for financing it has currently noted as an important agenda to most of the developing countries. Tanzania like any other nation in the World seem to be found in the same prevailing wind in the midst of the existing agenda, where from independence to 2015 various approaches were used to finance primary education but no suitable scheme was prolonged to be employed. From 2016 to date, the government decided to finance primary education directly to schools accounts to avoid bureaucracies of local government authorities who caused unnecessary delays and inconsistency. For that reason, the study intended to examine the effectiveness of the approach in funding primary schools in Tanzania center of intention to be Chalinze District Council which found in the Coast Region. Four primary schools were involved in the study to examine how effective the approach is in terms of timeliness, consistency, accuracy and finally to come across with challenges faces this funding scheme. The study basically applied qualitative approach, using in-detail interview, observation, documentary review and focus group discussion. The research study covered 16 purposefully chosen informants, including District Primary Educational Officer, Ward Educational Officers, Head Teachers, School Bursars and teachers. The study findings revealed that, the approach is effective in transferring funds directly to primary education since it is time conscious, observes consistency and it is accurate approach ever existed. Despite the effectiveness of the approach, there are some hold backs and challenges observed which includes lack of sufficient training, necessary devices and internet accessibility. However, in order to have ever lasting effectiveness of the approach the ministry PO-RALG dealt with the approach is recommended to offer proficiency building capacity to enhance knowledge and skills to teachers as well as providing necessary resources for the approach to work more effective in country side areas of Chalinze DC and Tanzania at large.
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    Examining the effect of child labour in the profitability of women owned enterprises: A case of microcredit supported enterprises in Tanzania.
    (Springer, 2018) Tundui, Charles S.; Tundui, Hawa P.
    This paper examines the effect of child labor in the profitability of women owned enterprises. The study covered 429 women respondents who had access to microcredit in Morogoro and Iringa towns. We used the Ordered Prohibit to model the relationship between the predictors and the outcome variable. The findings show that the use of child labor plays a more significant role in the profitability of women businesses than any variable included in the analysis. Results have also shown that owners who possess business skills, who have access to markets and those who do not separate business resources from household resources are more likely to experience a profit increase in their enterprises than otherwise. On the other hand, access to loans doesn’t seem to translate into increases in enterprise profit. From these results, we gather that as a poverty alleviation strategy, microcredit access and micro enterprising are not a panacea, but will require other supporting policies and services to enable women to find their way out of poverty. It is also important that job creation and employment patterns of microcredit supported enterprises are studied and valued accordingly.
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    Microcredit, micro enterprising and repayment myth: The case of micro and small women business entrepreneurs in Tanzania
    (World Scholars, 2013) Tundui, Charles S.; Tundui, Hawa P.
    The aim of this article is to examine the sources and determinants of loan repayment among women microcredit clients in Tanzania. We surveyed a random sample of 286 business owners who were PRIDE microfinance programme clients in Morogoro and Iringa towns. The study focused on loan conditions, household characteristics and business management experience, skills and management practises by the business owners. Loan repayment difficulties were reported among 19.6 per cent of borrowers. Logistic regression results have shown that loan size, interest rate and duration of membership in the programme do not predict loan repayment. Instead the results have demonstrated that business skills and management practises play a very significant role. We also found household size, the number of household members with fixed salaries and decision making regarding loan use to have a significant influence on loan repayment. From the results, it is established that the factors that limit growth of women businesses are also liable for their repayment difficulties. These results may imply that for the borrowers to increase their avenues for loan repayment, it is imperative that the measures used by microfinance programmes to ensure that borrowers repay their loans they also include support services that enable clients to expand their businesses; increase profit levels and generate enough surplus for loan servicing and re-investment in the business. Such services could include training in business skills and management. This further suggests that there is a need for an integrated and holistic policy approach in supporting and promoting micro enterprising among the women rather than piecemeal initiatives