Dissertations (Masters)

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A critical analysis of law and practice of public private partnership in Tanzania: A case study of Kigoma District
(Mzumbe University, 2014) Ndabhona, Iddi A.
This study was made on analysis of the law on Public Private Partnership in Tanzania, particularly the Public Private Partnership Act, 2010 and its enabling regulations, the Public Private Partnership Regulations, 2011, GN 165 /2011. The research was done through interviews and documentary reviews. As the first objective of the study, researcher examined the efficiency of PPP Act in Tanzania. It was revealed and concluded that although the definition of PPPs in the PPPA entails all kinds and forms of PPPs, the regulations leave out of box all the traditional, simple but many forms PPPs which are practicable to many common Tanzanian entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, the bureaucratic nature of the PPPA reduces its expected efficiency. The significant time and monetary resources are spent at the preliminary stages regardless of whether or not the expected project would be implemented. The second specific objective was to look on whether in practice the law promotes the PPP with indigenous private entities in our country. It has been observed that the processes in the Act make the way through to PPPs too long and cumbersome. As such, the law is not very much encouraging and promoting PPPs in the same parse as it would be expected to in the current world business environment. The last objective was to examine whether the PPPA affects independence of the independent Government bodies such as LGAs in Tanzania. It is concluded that the powers of the independent government entities like local government authorities to enter into PPP arrangements are confiscated by the central government through various bodies established by the PPPA. In that respect, the researcher has recommended some mitigating measures to be taken so as to handle those inadequacies. The measures include; amendment of PPP regulations, GN. No 165/2011; formulation of PPP regulations for small scale PPPs in the country; and strengthening indigenous entities for PPPs.
A critical analysis on effectiveness of the laws and practice governing registration of foreign companies in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Kashoza, Bahati
Foreign company means company incorporated outside the territory which have established a place of business in the territory and continue to have an established place of business within the territory. Tanzania is endowed with enormous natural resources and other economic potentials that provide for the increasing opportunities of investment. Owing to her rich natural resources and potential areas for investment in the agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, mining and energy industries, Tanzania has attracted a handful of big investors from foreign countries. This study was aimed to examine on the laws and practice governing the registration of foreign companies in Tanzania. In which the study contained five chapters. In the study, the main objectives was to have a critical analysis in the legal and regulatory framework in relation to the registration of foreign companies in Tanzania while specific objectives were to examine the extent of benefits on effective laws and practice governing registration of foreign companies; to analyze loopholes in legal and regulatory framework governing the registration of foreign companies that attracts foreign companies to the abuse of freedom of investment and doing business and examine to what extent of awareness provided by the institution concerned registration of foreign companies. The study was conducted at Dar Es Salaam City and involved a sample size of 30 respondents was recruited for this study. The population sample was based from TIPER (Tanzanian and Italian Petroleum Refining Company Limited). Cargo Delivery Freighters Ltd and East Cost Oil & Fats Co. Ltd, in Directors, legal officers and Company Secretaries were selected. Also interviews and questionnaire were administered to advocates dealing with corporate laws, academician experts in corporate Laws, high court judges of the Commercial Division, TRA and BRELA officials.
A critical analysis on effectiveness of the laws and practice governing registration of foreign companies in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Kashoza, Bahati
Foreign company means company incorporated outside the territory which have established a place of business in the territory and continue to have an established place of business within the territory. 1 Tanzania is endowed with enormous natural resources and other economic potentials that provide for the increasing opportunities of investment. Owing to her rich natural resources and potential areas for investment in the agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, mining and energy industries, Tanzania has attracted a handful of big investors from foreign countries. This study was aimed to examine on the laws and practice governing the registration of foreign companies in Tanzania. In which the study contained five chapters. In the study, the main objectives was to have a critical analysis in the legal and regulatory framework in relation to the registration of foreign companies in Tanzania while specific objectives were to examine the extent of benefits on effective laws and practice governing registration of foreign companies; to analyze loopholes in legal and regulatory framework governing the registration of foreign companies that attracts foreign companies to the abuse of freedom of investment and doing business and examine to what extent of awareness provided by the institution concerned registration of foreign companies. The study was conducted at Dar Es Salaam City and involved a sample size of 30 respondents was recruited for this study. The population sample was based from TIPER (Tanzanian and Italian Petroleum Refining Company Limited). Cargo Delivery Freighters Ltd and East Cost Oil & Fats Co. Ltd, in Directors, legal officers and Company Secretaries were selected. Also interviews and questionnaire were administered to advocates dealing with corporate laws, academician experts in corporate Laws, high court judges of the Commercial Division, TRA and BRELA officials.
Access to loans in microfinance institutions by use of unsurveyed land as security: Analysis of the law and practice in Tanzania mainland
(2016) Elifuraha, Eliudy
This dissertation is intended to be an analysis of the law and practice on accessing loans from microfinance institutions by use of unsurveyed land as security in Tanzania Mainland, and to identify various legal problems facing the borrowers and lenders when unsurveyed land is accepted as security to the loan transactions. Unlike any other Dissertation this work comprises five chapters, beginning with Chapter One, which is the introductory chapter. Chapter Two discusses the conceptual framework of mortgage creation over unsurveyed land. Chapter Three addresses the legal regime governing the creation of a mortgage in Tanzania by using unsurveyed land. Chapter Four is Data presentation, analysis and discussion of findings while chapter five concludes the study with recommendations on what can be done so as to reap the expected benefits. This study was motivated by the fact that the Government of Tanzania has worked hard to ensure that citizens access loans from Microfinance Institutions through enabling them to create mortgages by using both surveyed and unsurveyed land. This has been affected through making various legal and policy reforms. Despite those efforts some of the lending institutions are still reluctant to accept unsurveyed land as security for loans, occasioning this research to find out the legal reasons ( both substantive and procedural) why some of lending institutions are reluctant to accept unsurveyed land as security of loans . The study has found out that laws are not adequately framed. There are no clear provisions which address issues of unsurveyed land, and the lack of regulations that regulate mortgages on unsurveyed land leave a lot of loopholes and gaps on the existing stipulated provisions. Finally come recommendations and conclusions on the findings, where the researcher advises the Government, the Parliament, and the stakeholders on the steps to be taken in order to facilitate and enact laws and rules which will properly govern the procedures, rights and duties of parties who involve themselves in transactions of unsurveyed land to create mortgages in Tanzania.
Access to loans in microfinance institutions by use of unsurveyed land as security: Analysis of the law and practice in Tanzania mainland
(Mzumbe University, 2016) Elifuraha, Eliudy
This dissertation is intended to be an analysis of the law and practice on accessing loans from microfinance institutions by use of unsurveyed land as security in Tanzania Mainland, and to identify various legal problems facing the borrowers and lenders when unsurveyed land is accepted as security to the loan transactions. Unlike any other Dissertation this work comprises five chapters, beginning with Chapter One, which is the introductory chapter. Chapter Two discusses the conceptual framework of mortgage creation over unsurveyed land. Chapter Three addresses the legal regime governing the creation of a mortgage in Tanzania by using unsurveyed land. Chapter Four is Data presentation, analysis and discussion of findings while Chapter Five concludes the study with recommendations on what can be done so as to reap the expected benefits. This study was motivated by the fact that the Government of Tanzania has worked hard to ensure that citizens access loans from Microfinance Institutions through enabling them to create mortgages by using both surveyed and unsurveyed land. This has been affected through making various legal and policy reforms. Despite those efforts some of the lending institutions are still reluctant to accept unsurveyed land as security for loans, occasioning this research to find out the legal reasons ( both substantive and procedural) why some of lending institutions are reluctant to accept unsurveyed land as security of loans . The study has found out that laws are not adequately framed. There are no clear provisions which address issues of unsurveyed land, and the lack of regulations that regulate mortgages on unsurveyed land leave a lot of loopholes and gaps on the existing stipulated provisions. Finally come recommendations and conclusions on the findings, where the researcher advises the Government, the Parliament, and the stakeholders on the steps to be taken in order to facilitate and enact laws and rules which will properly govern the procedures, rights and duties of parties who involve themselves in transactions of unsurveyed land to create mortgages in Tanzania.
An appraisal of tax incentives under the tic investment regime
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Maya, Deogracious
Tax incentives are considered a necessary evil for attracting investments and increase Foreign Direct incentives. In that spirit Tanzania issue different tax incentives via the Tanzania Investment Centre as per the Tanzania investment Act, 1997. The law puts threshold qualification for an investor to be issues with an incentive certificate depending on relevant sector. Also, other laws like the Income Tax Act, 2004, the Value Added Tax Act [CAP I48 R.E 2002], Export Processing Zones Act, 2002 and The Mining Act, 2010 allow issuance of incentives to investors as qualified by threshold. For example save for investments in mining and petroleum, centre can issue certificate of incentive to a foreigner or local investor with the qualification under section 2 (2) (a and b) , that to qualify for and obtain Tanzania Investment Centre Certificate of Incentives minimum fixed investment cost for New, Rehabilitation and Expansion Projects should be at least US$ 100,000 for projects, which are wholly owned by Tanzanian Citizen (s), and US$ 500,000 for projects, which are wholly owned by foreign investors, or if a joint venture. Or, to qualify for an Export Processing Zones licence, the investment should amongst other things, be new business or activity which has not been already established, with at least 80% of the goods produced or processed for export and annual export turnover of at least USD 500,000 for foreign investors (USD 100,000 for local investors). This research looked the qualification of the investor under above metioned Acts, by making an analysis to see whether tax incentive attracts investment or not and if not what qualification are plausable for incentive certificate to be issue and then the merits of tax incentive in growth of tanzania economy was evaluated as against demerits. In order to get precise materials for writing this work, the researcher employed two research techniques: documentary review and case study. In documentary review materials were gathered from legislations, policy, documents, reports, newspapers and journal articles, online articles and textbooks,. In a case study the methods which were employed included direct interviews and use of questionnaires. The research revealed that, tax incentive was not a major factor for attracting foreign direct investment in a country with poor infrastracture, geographical berriers and weak taxation system. Again, comparing tax incentive issued in Tanzania and her developments, the research found that tax incentives have resulted into more revenue losses that profit, because they are means used for tax avoidance and they beneficial bonus to investor who would have invested without tax incentives. The study further noted that, incentives qualifications under different laws are not cautions to obvious reasons, thus threshold can manipulate or hide investment to qualify for incentive while it does not. For example an investment which would have come in Tanzania despite of incentives because of market and raw material needs. From the above mentioned finding, the researcher made recommendation that, the Tanzania Investment Act, 1997 should be amended, first to allow the parliament and the centre to amend or withdraw tax incentive certificate in case of abuse. Second the qualification for an investor should be reviewed, instead of looking on the threshold, each investiment should be evaluated differently according to purposes and benefits to Tanzania. Third, tax incentives should be reduced or ablished and the taxation system should be enhancement to facilitate transparency and accountablitiy.
An appraisal of tax incentives under the TIC Investment regime
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Maya, Deogracious
Tax incentives are considered a necessary evil for attracting investments and increase Foreign Direct incentives. In that spirit Tanzania issue different tax incentives via the Tanzania Investment Centre as per the Tanzania investment Act, 1997. The law puts threshold qualification for an investor to be issues with an incentive certificate depending on relevant sector. Also, other laws like the Income Tax Act, 2004, the Value Added Tax Act [CAP I48 R.E 2002], Export Processing Zones Act, 2002 and The Mining Act, 2010 allow issuance of incentives to investors as qualified by threshold. For example save for investments in mining and petroleum, center can issue certificate of incentive to a foreigner or local investor with the qualification under section 2 (2) (a and b)1, that to qualify for and obtain Tanzania Investment Centre Certificate of Incentives minimum fixed investment cost for New, Rehabilitation and Expansion Projects should be at least US$ 100,000 for projects, which are wholly owned by Tanzanian Citizen (s), and US$ 500,000 for projects, which are wholly owned by foreign investors, or if a joint venture. Or, to qualify for an Export Processing Zones license, the investment should amongst other things, be new business or activity which has not been already established, with at least 80% of the goods produced or processed for export and annual export turnover of at least USD 500,000 for foreign investors (USD 100,000 for local investors). This research looked the qualification of the investor under above mentioned Acts, by making an analysis to see whether tax incentive attracts investment or not and if not what qualification are plausible for incentive certificate to be issue and then the merits of tax incentive in growth of Tanzania economy was evaluated as against demerits. In order to get precise materials for writing this work, the researcher employed two research techniques: documentary review and case study. In documentary review materials were gathered from legislations, policy, documents, reports, newspapers and journal articles, online articles and textbooks,. In a case 1 The Tanzania Investment Act [CAP 38 R.E 2002]. viii study the methods which were employed included direct interviews and use of questionnaires. The research revealed that, tax incentive was not a major factor for attracting foreign direct investment in a country with poor infrastructure, geographical barriers and weak taxation system. Again, comparing tax incentive issued in Tanzania and her developments, the research found that tax incentives have resulted into more revenue losses that profit, because they are means used for tax avoidance and they beneficial bonus to investor who would have invested without tax incentives. The study further noted that, incentives qualifications under different laws are not cautions to obvious reasons, thus threshold can manipulate or hide investment to qualify for incentive while it does not. For example an investment which would have come in Tanzania despite of incentives because of market and raw material needs. From the above mentioned finding, the researcher made recommendation that, the Tanzania Investment Act, 1997 should be amended, first to allow the parliament and the center to amend or withdraw tax incentive certificate in case of abuse. Second the qualification for an investor should be reviewed, instead of looking on the threshold, each investment should be evaluated differently according to purposes and benefits to Tanzania. Third, tax incentives should be reduced or abolished and the taxation system should be enhancement to facilitate transparency and accountability.
An assessment of promptness and fairness of compensation awardable for unexhausted improvement on land matters in Tanzania : A case study of Kipawa and Kigilagila
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2015) Kweyamba, Theodorus
The emerging issue is how the land laws especially the expropriation and payment of compensation laws are applied. This dissertation examines intended to assess the law and practice relating to compulsory land acquisition in Tanzania specifically in examination of procedures in the processes of land acquisition, legal challenges of compulsory land acquisition procedure, evaluation processes in the event of land acquisition and compensation processes in the event of land acquisition This study was carried at Kipawa and Kigilagila where land was acquired in the year 1997for purpose of expansion of Julius Nyerere Airport, though compensation paid was inadequate. The process of compulsory land acquisition has more often been complained of by the general public for failure to pay fair and prompt compensation to the victims. The dissertation revealed a wide disparity between the means of compensation paid and market value of the acquired property. Moreover, The Land Acquisition Act, Cap 118 [RE 2002] is not fair and just to people holding land under deemed right of occupancy as it restricts compensation to un exhausted improvements on the land excluding the land or such improvements as land clearing and fencing. This latter situation has been rectified by the Land Act. The dissertation recommends among others that, in order to have a peaceable society devoid of conflict and chaos, adequate payments of adequate compensation that will not make claimants worse off than they were, are essential, both the policy makers and local governments should revise the land laws especially on the expropriation and payment of compensation in such a way that it would define and protect property rights for the vulnerable groups both in urban and rural areas and where and when these rights are acquired “reasonable compensation” must be paid. Most importantly, mandatory provision of land forresettlement, ensuring proper method of valuation and prompt payment of compensation shall remedy these conflicts.
Analysis of consumer legal protection in mobile money transaction services in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Mutagwaba, Doreen D.
This dissertation attempted to make an analysis on the effectiveness of the legal frameworks governing mobile money transaction services in Tanzania. It observed the law and practice on how consumers are protected towards availability and the use of such services in our country. In that regard, it focused on challenges of implementation of the existing laws and regulations on the mobile payments as a newly introduced payment system that is reaching a large number of banked and unbanked. This study was guided by its objective and attempted to assess the effectiveness of the regulatory framework in place in the protection of consumers of mobile money transactions. Questions were formulated that guided through in obtaining the necessary information relating to the problem. In obtaining such data the methodology employed was descriptive research design. The collection of primary data was done using methods of questionnaire and interview where as for the secondary data the method used was documentary review. The study revealed that the use of mobile phones in making money transactions is a technology that is widely adopted and preferred by the majority of people in making several transactions. The consumers of such services face several challenges in the mode of the services mostly being loss of money in their mobile money accounts. It is from the data collected from the field where the researcher makes conclusions and makes recommendations on how the consumers of mobile money services may be protected.
Analysis of consumer legal protection in mobile money transaction services in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Mutagwaba, Doreen D.
This dissertation attempted to make an analysis on the effectiveness of the legal frameworks governing mobile money transaction services in Tanzania. It observed the law and practice on how consumers are protected towards availability and the use of such services in our country. In that regard, it focused on challenges of implementation of the existing laws and regulations on the mobile payments as a newly introduced payment system that is reaching a large number of banked and unbanked. This study was guided by its objective and attempted to assess the effectiveness of the regulatory framework in place in the protection of consumers of mobile money transactions. Questions were formulated that guided through in obtaining the necessary information relating to the problem. In obtaining such data the methodology employed was descriptive research design. The collection of primary data was done using methods of questionnaire and interview where as for the secondary data the method used was documentary review. The study revealed that the use of mobile phones in making money transactions is a technology that is widely adopted and preferred by the majority of people in making several transactions. The consumers of such services face several challenges in the mode of the services mostly being loss of money in their mobile money accounts. It is from the data collected from the field where the researcher makes conclusions and makes recommendations on how the consumers of mobile money services may be protected.
Analysis of legal framework on investment promotion and contribution to technology dissemination in Tanzania :a case of selected mining companies
(Mzumbe University, 2014) Bonephace, Mectrida
This study premises that legal and regulatory framework on investment, particularly the mining investment, grants more promotions than it is necessary. The study was hopeful that since the government has hosted mining operations for a long time, and the benefits thereon have long been pecuniary ones, (which have not transformed the country from poverty) the government should have planned for the best benefits from mining investments. The best benefit proposed by this study is tapping technology which will enable the government operate and run the mining sector on its own, with little or no dependence on foreign entities. Technical development sustains the mining sector and renders the sector beneficial to the State and its nationals; instead of being enjoyed by the foreigners whilst the indigenous are impoverished. In this study, data collection mechanisms involved: library research, interviews and direct observation. The targeted area of research was mining sector - via selected mining companies. The study’s concern is that, technology transfer is neither cheap nor easy. Since the promotional benefits offered to the investors are excessive and most especially resulting in revenue loss, the benefits granted to the investors should be honoured at least by tapping, nurturing and sustaining the technical know-how which is already available in the boundaries of the nation as brought by the investors. This process would be less expensive than buying and transferring the same from the country of origin. The study finds that investment promotion is a necessary evil. Lack of technology in respect of mining management jeopardizes Tanzania’s participation in mineral indulgence. However; dissemination has been impractical due to lack of legal pressure to that effect. Neither the Mining Act1 nor the Investment Act2nor any other law in the country has provided for a vigorous need to tapping technology. In order to achieve technology retention therefore laws and regulations governing mining and investment need a quick reform. Institutional framework should also be strengthened for purposes of making sure technology keeping in the territory is conceivable.
Analysis of legal framework on investment promotion and contribution to technology dissemination in Tanzania: A case of selected mining companies
(Mzumbe University, 2014) Bonephace, Mectrida
This study premises that legal and regulatory framework on investment, particularly the mining investment, grants more promotions than it is necessary. The study was hopeful that since the government has hosted mining operations for a long time, and the benefits thereon have long been pecuniary ones, (which have not transformed the country from poverty) the government should have planned for the best benefits from mining investments. The best benefit proposed by this study is tapping technology which will enable the government operate and run the mining sector on its own, with little or no dependence on foreign entities. Technical development sustains the mining sector and renders the sector beneficial to the State and its nationals; instead of being enjoyed by the foreigners whilst the indigenous are impoverished. In this study, data collection mechanisms involved: library research, interviews and direct observation. The targeted area of research was mining sector - via selected mining companies. The study’s concern is that, technology transfer is neither cheap nor easy. Since the promotional benefits offered to the investors are excessive and most especially resulting in revenue loss, the benefits granted to the investors should be honoured at least by tapping, nurturing and sustaining the technical know-how which is already available in the boundaries of the nation as brought by the investors. This process would be less expensive than buying and transferring the same from the country of origin. The study finds that investment promotion is a necessary evil. Lack of technology in respect of mining management jeopardizes Tanzania’s participation in mineral indulgence. However; dissemination has been impractical due to lack of legal pressure to that effect. Neither the Mining Act nor the Investment Act nor any other law in the country has provided for a vigorous need to tapping technology. In order to achieve technology retention therefore laws and regulations governing mining and investment need a quick reform. Institutional framework should also be strengthened for purposes of making sure technology keeping in the territory is conceivable.
Analysis of the law and practice governing letter of credit : Case study of selected institutions in Ilala Dar es salaam
(Mzumbe Unversity, 2013) Otieno, Magreth
Letters of credit are an important finance instrument for international trade. They are especially significant in cross-border transactions where traders do not know each other. Despite the attractiveness of the process, by choosing letters of credit, international traders often have trouble. In particular, they find it difficult to meet the level of documentary compliance demanded by many banks. In turn, this increases the risk of non-payment for goods or services invested. This also could have a profound impact on international trade patterns. Clearly, this suggests that the governing rules are not clear enough as to how strictly the doctrine is to apply. In addition, courts all over the world have not cured the deficiencies in the application of the rules. In fact, ICC have added to the confusion by creating a myriad of controversial judicial standards that apply to similar mistakes in the presented documentations. This thesis is an investigation into these issues. In so doing, it attempts to find out what could reduce the inconsistent interpretations of the doctrine of strict compliance and thus enhance the attractiveness of the letter of credit. The analysis covers all parties involved in the letter of credit process, and pays particular attention to those cases involving misspellings, discrepant descriptions of goods in commercial invoices, ambiguous or impossible letter of credit terms, and inaccurate data in presented documents. Among other things, the thesis reveals that courts have applied six different standards to the matter of misspellings alone. As a result, banks have applied the strict compliance rule very rigorously to protect their own interests in case litigation would ensue. The flipside is sellers left with the risk of not being paid. The question arises whether this is reasonable given the facts that only trivial mistakes may be a vitiating factor in the letter of credit transaction. Therefore it is recommended that there should be a reform of the law governing letter of credit including Tanzania enacting its domestic laws, flexibility on the court procedures in case of default.
Analysis of the law and practice governing letter of credit: A case study of selected institutions in Ilala Dar es salaam
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Otieno, Magreth
Letters of credit are an important finance instrument for international trade. They are especially significant in cross-border transactions where traders do not know each other. Despite the attractiveness of the process, by choosing letters of credit, international traders often have trouble. In particular, they find it difficult to meet the level of documentary compliance demanded by many banks. In turn, this increases the risk of non-payment for goods or services invested. This also could have a profound impact on international trade patterns. Clearly, this suggests that the governing rules are not clear enough as to how strictly the doctrine is to apply. In addition, courts all over the world have not cured the deficiencies in the application of the rules. In fact, ICC have added to the confusion by creating a myriad of controversial judicial standards that apply to similar mistakes in the presented documentations. This thesis is an investigation into these issues. In so doing, it attempts to find out what could reduce the inconsistent interpretations of the doctrine of strict compliance and thus enhance the attractiveness of the letter of credit. The analysis covers all parties involved in the letter of credit process, and pays particular attention to those cases involving misspellings, discrepant descriptions of goods in commercial invoices, ambiguous or impossible letter of credit terms, and inaccurate data in presented documents. Among other things, the thesis reveals that courts have applied six different standards to the matter of misspellings alone. As a result, banks have applied the strict compliance rule very rigorously to protect their own interests in case litigation would ensue. The flipside is sellers left with the risk of not being paid. The question arises whether this is reasonable given the facts that only trivial mistakes may be a vitiating factor in the letter of credit transaction. Therefore it is recommended that there should be a reform of the law governing letter of credit including Tanzania enacting its domestic laws, flexibility on the court procedures in case of default
Analysis of the legal frame work governing the protection of investors against insider trading in capital market business in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Kihelile, Sophia
The data were collected from DSE and CMSA legal departments through interviews of the officials. At the Securities Brokerage offices structured interviews were conducted to obtain primary data. Questionnaires were used to forty (40) individual investors from different professions and specializations, investors listed companies at DSE. The researcher found that the laws on a securities exchange ensure speculator assurance, however the major frustrating variable is the utilization of the said laws on speculators who don't have satisfactory consciousness of their rights, on the restricted practices, and notwithstanding perusing the budget summaries of the organizations put resources into. Further, the DSE and CMSA do not have the satisfactory innovation to distinguish the denied offenses, for example, the insider managing which restrains the security of the premiums of speculators. The suggestions are to expand the consciousness of the individual speculator through the LDMs and agents who manage the financial specialists on an everyday premise. There is likewise a requirement for the development of innovation to recognize precluded offenses and encourage in accumulation of proof to indict wrongdoers
Analysis of the legal framework governing the protection of investors against insider trading in capital market business in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Kihelile, Sophia
The data were collected from DSE and CMSA legal departments through interviews of the officials. At the Securities Brokerage offices structured interviews were conducted to obtain primary data. Questionnaires were used to forty (40) individual investors from different professions and specializations, investors listed companies at DSE. The researcher found that the laws on a securities exchange ensure speculator assurance, however the major frustrating variable is the utilization of the said laws on speculators who don't have satisfactory consciousness of their rights, on the restricted practices, and notwithstanding perusing the budget summaries of the organizations put resources into. Further, the DSE and CMSA do not have the satisfactory innovation to distinguish the denied offenses, for example, the insider managing which restrains the security of the premiums of speculators. The suggestions are to expand the consciousness of the individual speculator through the LDMs and agents who manage the financial specialists on an everyday premise. There is likewise a requirement for the development of innovation to recognize precluded offenses and encourage in accumulation of proof to indict wrongdoers.
Assessment of the effectiveness of the laws governing tax exemptions on donor funded projects in Tanzania Mainland
(Mzumbe University, 2014) Maseu, Restituta Peter
This study aims at making assessment on the effectiveness of the laws governing tax exemption on donor funded projects in Tanzania, particularly the enactment of the provision of tax exemption, whether they are effective in relation with donor funded projects. In assessing this issue, the basic question relates to the extent and significance of the provisions of the laws in bringing about the needful of its intention to enhance income collection for the growth of the government revenue in Tanzania. A necessary concomitant of the study is to endeavor or render a jurisprudential justification for the effectiveness of these Laws towards the recognition of the possible loopholes of which one may use in vacating from paying tax on the ground of being a donor funded project. Also, the need for the decisions based on income generation and socio-economic consideration within the country. The qualitative approach and literature review for collection of primary and secondary data were adopted. It has been observed that tax exemption in donor funded projects is the results of decreased of government revenue, tax avoidance, existence of bias between donor funded projects and indigenous projects within the country and corruption .Also the researcher suggested and recommended on the way in which such loopholes are to be controlled and the measures to be taken to avoid such problems by find what conditions and limitations the law provides for the donor funded project to receive tax exemption and to what extent, its judicial process and sophistication influence its perception, development and utilization of the tax exemption on donor funded projects in enhancing income generation within the country. Hence the study recommends enactment of an efficient and responsive legal framework to address the above legal issues with the view to enhance donor funded projects in the all system of government revenue. Not only that it is recommended that further research has been conducted on the tax exemption especially on donor funded projects.
Causes and consequences of failure to file the annual return by the tax payer: A case study of Shinyanga municipality
(Mzumbe University, 2013) Samwel, Frank
Most of the tax payers in Tanzania do pay tax without filing the annual returns and they always complain about paying more tax than what they think they are supposed to pay. This research focuses on the cause and effects of the taxpayers‟ failure to file the annual returns during tax assessment for tax liability. This research was done through interviews, questionnaire and schedules on the sample size of 120 respondents selected specifically from businessmen and women, noon business persons, people who were formally business people, tax consultants and TRA officials, but picked randomly within the group. From the research, it was found that, failure to file the annual return by the tax payer is caused by the two things; tax payer’s lack of knowledge on the law and procedure to be followed during their tax liability assessment and lack of enough fund to bear the costs for preparing the necessary documents necessary for the annual returns. Also, failure to file the annual returns has the effect to high tax being imposed on the tax payer. At the end, the researcher recommends that the law should change in order to simplify the requirements for filing the annual returns to enable even the normal businessperson to file them. Secondly, the tax payers should be educated on the procedure required for them to follow during the period of tax assessment in order for them to have fair tax assessment. Thirdly, TRA to diversify its sources of collections on tax in order not to shift the whole burden to the business people. Fourth, TRA tax assessors should not unreasonably impose higher tax on the tax payers. Lastly, tax assessors should visit the tax payers before imposing tax liability on the tax payer. If these recommendations are followed, enough revenue will be collected for the government, business and investment will not be hindered as per Tanzania’s tax policy.
Challenges in public procurement: An examination of legal implications of non compliance with procurement rules in selected institutions in Morogoro
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Kweka, Eveline Elikira
This study examined the Implications on Public Procuring Entities non-compliance with the Public Procurement Act, No.7of 2011 and regulations made there under at Sokoine University of Agriculture and Morogoro Municipal Council in Tanzania. The motivation behind the study was the annual reports of the Controller and Auditor General that exposed glaring non compliance with the laws on public procurement in spite of legal reforms recently undertaken in the sector. Primary and secondary data sources were consulted .The study adopted stratified random sampling whereby both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Qualitative approaches included questionnaires administration and in depth interviews with 50 out of the selected 60 respondents to gather non numerical data while quantitative approaches were employed to generate statistical data to answer to the research questions. Research findings overall pointed to substantial abrogation from procurement laws and regulations. Evidently, part of the reason for such non compliance or low compliance rates with procurement laws were found to be marginally low/poor oversight structures , complexity in the laws to suppliers, corruption in terms of favoritism in prequalification procedures and lack of adequately skilled procurement personnel at Sokoine University of Agriculture and at the Morogoro Municipal Council. In conclusion the researcher found out that there are several legal implications of non compliance with the procurement regulations on individual Procuring Entities, bidders and officials, among others, these included oral and written warnings, suspensions, interdictions and demotions of staff that breach procurement laws. Whilst, against the specific entities the steps included blacklisting, deregistration from the company registry and suit in a court of law to seek redress for violations of the procurement laws and regulations .The Auditor General wields another tool which is the issuance of qualified audit reports against public entities which can be used by prosecutors to hold individuals to account in serious cases of misappropriation of funds allocated.
Challenges in public procurement: an examination of legal implications of non compliance with procurement rules in selected institutions in Morogoro
(Mzumbe University, 2019) Kweka,Eveline
This study examined the Implications on Public Procuring Entities non-compliance with the Public Procurement Act, No.7of 2011 and regulations made there under at Sokoine University of Agriculture and Morogoro Municipal Council in Tanzania. The motivation behind the study was the annual reports of the Controller and Auditor General that exposed glaring non compliance with the laws on public procurement in spite of legal reforms recently undertaken in the sector. Primary and secondary data sources were consulted .The study adopted stratified random sampling whereby both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Qualitative approaches included questionnaires administration and in depth interviews with 50 out of the selected 60 respondents to gather non numerical data while quantitative approaches were employed to generate statistical data to answer to the research questions. Research findings overall pointed to substantial abrogation from procurement laws and regulations. Evidently, part of the reason for such non compliance or low compliance rates with procurement laws were found to be marginally low/poor oversight structures , complexity in the laws to suppliers, corruption in terms of favoritism in prequalification procedures and lack of adequately skilled procurement personnel at Sokoine University of Agriculture and at the Morogoro Municipal Council. In conclusion the researcher found out that there are several legal implications of non compliance with the procurement regulations on individual Procuring Entities, bidders and officials, among others, these included oral and written warnings, suspensions, interdictions and demotions of staff that breach procurement laws. Whilst, against the specific entities the steps included blacklisting, deregistration from the company registry and suit in a court of law to seek redress for violations of the procurement laws and regulations .The Auditor General wields another tool which is the issuance of qualified audit reports against public entities which can be used by prosecutors to hold individuals to account in serious cases of misappropriation of funds allocated.