ANALYSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED CHILD 
PROTECTION SYSTEM MODEL IN PREVENTING AND 
RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN  
IN TEMEKE DISTRICT, TANZANIA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANALYSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED CHILD 
PROTECTION SYSTEM MODEL IN PREVENTING AND 
RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN 
 IN TEMEKE DISTRICT, TANZANIA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By 
Harold K. Kayoza 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Award of 
the Degree of Master of Science in Development Policy of Mzumbe University 
2015 
CERTIFICATION 
 
We, the undersigned, certify that we have read and hereby recommend for the 
acceptance by the Mzumbe University, a dissertation entitled Analyzing the 
Effectiveness of the Proposed Child Protection System Model in Preventing and 
Responding to Violence Against Children in Temeke District, Tanzania, in partial 
fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of Master of Science in 
Development Policy of Mzumbe University 
 
 
 
…………………………… 
Major Supervisor 
 
 
……………………………. 
Internal Examiner 
 
 
Accepted for the Board of Institute of development studies  
 
 
 
……………………………………………… 
DIRECTOR, INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 
i 
 
DECLARATION 
AND 
COPYRIGHT  
 
I, Harold K. Kayoza, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it 
has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or 
any other degree award. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Signature ………………………………. 
 
Date……………………………………. 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2014 
This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne convention, the 
copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf, on 
intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means in full or in part, except for 
short extracts in fair dealing, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or 
discourse with an acknowledgement, without the written permission of Mzumbe 
University, on behalf of the author. 
ii 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
 
[ 
The accomplishment of this dissertation is the result of many efforts and contributions 
made by various individuals and institutions through material and moral support they 
gave me. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to everyone whom in one way 
or another facilitated the accomplishment of this dissertation. It is not possible to 
mention all who contributed to the development of this work. 
 
I humbly thank the Almighty God for the care and protection he has showed and granted 
to me in the course of my studies and life in general. I would like to give my sincere 
thanks to my devoted supervisor Dr. Iddi Makombe whose intellectual guidance, 
motivating advice, patience, moral support, understanding and enthusiasm tuned my 
mind to the central focus of this dissertation from its conceptualization until its 
completion.  
[ 
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Temeke Municipality especially the 
Department of Social Welfare for allowing me to carry out this study. Also I would like 
to express my gratitude to all DCPT members of Temeke District for their cooperation 
and support. 
[[ 
 
Lastly but not least I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my beloved wife 
Yamlihery Ndullah who assisted me morally , Mr and Mrs Stanslaus Mndolwa, Mr and 
Mrs Aman Kayoza, Mr. Mbelwa Gabagambi, Mr. Eric Guga and Mr Amos Malongo  for 
their encouragement during the whole period of my studies .  I say thank you very much, 
May God bless you all abundantly.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
iii 
 
DEDICATION 
 
I dedicate this work to my parents in a way that cannot be forgotten due to their vital 
responsibility of forming, directing and influencing me in all circumstances to get my 
education. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
iv 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATION 
 
CDC  -  Center for Disease and Control  
CRC  -  The Convention on the Rights of the child 
DSW  -  Department of Social Welfare 
FGD  -  Focus Group Discussion 
KAP  -  Knowledge Attitude and Practice 
MSTF - Multi-sectoral Task Force 
MUHAS -  Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences 
NGOs -  Non Governmental Organizations 
UN  -  United Nations 
UNICEF -  United Nations Children’s Fund 
UNSG -  United Nations Secretary- General 
USAID -  United States Agency for international development  
VAC  -  Violence against Children 
WHO  -  World Health Organisation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
v 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
 
Generally, the study intended to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed child 
protection system model in preventing and responding to violence against children. The 
study was conducted at Temeke District. The objectives of the study were; to examine 3 
the status of violence against children in Temeke District, to assess the implementation 
of Child Protection System Model (CPSM), to identify the extent to which the child 
protection system model has been effective and to examine challenges in implementing 
the child protection system model. The case study research design was used whereas a 
sample of 40 respondents was used in collecting data. Primary data was collected 
through questionnaire and interview guide while secondary data was collected through 
documentary analysis. The study found that, there are 54 cases that are recorded from 
July 2013 to June 2014. The study found that, the number of recorded cases dropped 
from 3 to 2 cases in July and September respectively.  In October the number of 
recorded cases increases to 11 cases.  Also, the study found that, there are different types 
of VAC in Temeke District. Moreover, the study found that, the large number of the 
respondents identified mental impairment as a major effect facing victims. The major 
effects facing victims involve; death, aggressive behavior and physical impairment. The 
study concludes that child protection system model has been effective for some extent. 
Although significant steps have been taken to improve child protection system model for 
the protection of the rights of children in the piloted areas in Tanzania, the study 
recommends that there is a need to improve the effectiveness of the child protection 
system model, this requires accountability and transparency, good laws and policies 
cannot protect children unless all duty bearers are held accountable to them.  
 
vi 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................ i 
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. ii 
COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................... ii 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. iii 
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iv 
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ............................................................................................ v 
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... vi 
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... x 
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xi 
 
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1 
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 
1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 1 
1.2 Background to the Problem ........................................................................................ 1 
1.3 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 4 
1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 5 
1.4.1 Main Research Question ......................................................................................... 5 
1.4.2 Specific Research Questions ................................................................................... 5 
1.5 Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................. 5 
1.5.1 Overall Objective .................................................................................................... 5 
1.5.2 Specific Objectives.................................................................................................. 5 
1.6 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................ 5 
1.7 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................. 6 
 
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................... 7 
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................... 7 
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 
2.2 Theoretical Literature Review.................................................................................... 7 
2.2.1 Definition of Key Concepts .................................................................................... 7 
2.2.2 Approaches and Frameworks in Child Protection against Violence ....................... 8 
vii 
 
2.2.3 The Scope of Child Protection .............................................................................. 11 
2.2.4 Child Protection in Tanzania ................................................................................. 15 
2.2.5 Needs for Child Protection .................................................................................... 21 
2.2.6 Strategies for Building a Protective Environment for Children ............................ 25 
2.2.7 Challenges Facing Child Protection ...................................................................... 27 
2.3 Empirical Literature Review .................................................................................... 31 
 
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................... 35 
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 35 
3.1Introduction ............................................................................................................... 35 
3.2 Study area ................................................................................................................. 35 
3.3 Research Design ....................................................................................................... 36 
3.4 Population, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques ................................................ 36 
3.5 Methods of Data Collection ..................................................................................... 37 
3.6 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 39 
 
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 40 
THE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 40 
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 40 
4.2 Descriptive Statistics of the Respondents ................................................................ 40 
4.2.1 Age of the Respondents ........................................................................................ 41 
4.2.2 Gender of the Respondents ................................................................................... 41 
4.2.3 Marital Status ........................................................................................................ 42 
4.2.4 Level of Education ................................................................................................ 42 
4.3 The Status of Violence against Children in Temeke District ................................... 43 
4.3.1 Types of   Violence against Children (VAC) ........................................................ 44 
4.3.4  The Effect of VAC on Victims ............................................................................ 46 
4.4 Implementation of Child Protection System Model................................................. 48 
4.5 Effectiveness of the Child Protection System Model .............................................. 49 
4.6 Challenges in Implementing the Child Protection System Model ........................... 52 
4.7 Strategies to Sustain Implementation of the Model ................................................. 54 
 
viii 
 
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................... 55 
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 55 
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 55 
5.2 Summary of the Study .............................................................................................. 55 
5.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 56 
5.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 57 
5.5 Areas for Further Studies ......................................................................................... 59 
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 60 
 
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 63 
Appendix I:  Questionnaire ............................................................................................ 63 
Appendix II: Interview Guide ........................................................................................ 65 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ix 
 
LIST OF TABLES 
 
Table 3.1:  Summary of Methods of data collection ...................................................... 38 
Table 4.1: Age of the Respondents ................................................................................ 41 
Table 4.2: Respondents by marital status ....................................................................... 42 
Table 4.3: Awareness concerning the Implementation of CPSM .................................. 48 
Table 4.4: Effectiveness of the CPSM ........................................................................... 49 
Table 4.5: Challenges in Implementing the Child Protection System Model ................ 52 
Table 4.6: Strategies taken by the Donors ..................................................................... 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
LIST OF FIGURES 
 
Figure 3.1: Temeke District Council Map: Administrative Boundaries. ....................... 36 
Figure 4. 1: Gender of the Respondents ......................................................................... 42 
Figure 4. 2: Level of Education...................................................................................... 43 
Figure 4. 3: The Status of Violence ............................................................................... 43 
Figure 4. 4: Types of   Violence against Children (VAC) ............................................. 45 
Figure 4.5:  Factors influencing Violence against Children (VAC) .............................. 45 
Figure 4. 6: Factors influencing Violence against Children (VAC) .............................. 46 
Figure 4.7: The effect of VAC on Victims .................................................................... 47 
Figure 4.8 : The Effectiveness of CPSM ....................................................................... 50 
Figure 4.9: Time of hearing the Case ............................................................................. 51 
Figure 4.10: Penalties taken against Perpetrators .......................................................... 52 
Figure 4. 11: Challenges Facing the District Child Protection Team ............................ 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
xi 
 
CHAPTER ONE  
INTRODUCTION 
1.1 Overview 
The study looked at the status of violence against children in the World, types of 
violence like physical, emotional and sexual violence. Also the study look at who are 
perpetrators of violence against children, where the violence takes place, the global and 
country specific concerns against prevention to violence against children. This is 
because violence against children is typical violation of human rights. There has been 
increased awareness of protecting children’s rights for their proper development as 
human beings. In addition, the Convention on the Right of a Child stipulates that 
children must be protected from all sorts of violence including physical, emotional and 
sexual violence worldwide. This chapter has several sections. It comprises the 
background to the problem, statement of the problem, research of questions, objective 
of the study, significance of the study and scope of the study.  
 
1.2 Background to the Problem 
Violence takes place when someone uses their strength or position of power to hurt 
someone else on purpose not by accident. This includes threats of violence and acts 
which could possibly cause harm and this kind of harm involved, can be to a person’s 
mind and their general health and well –being as wells to their body (Elizabeth & 
Sophie, 2001)  . 
 
Governments under the convention on the rights of the child (CRC) have agreed to 
protect children from all forms of violence but children’s own stories and research from 
many different sources show that governments are not doing enough and that much 
violence is still not being reported (Elizabeth & Sophie, 2001). For example, the world 
health organization (WHO, 2007) estimated that almost 53,000 children were murdered 
worldwide in 2002. A survey from a wide range of countries found that between 20 and 
65 percent of school-aged children reported having been bullied, verbally or physically 
(Elizabeth & Sophie, 2001). WHO estimated that 150 million girls and 73 million boys 
under 18 were forced to have sex or experienced other forms of sexual violence during 
2002 (Elizabeth &  Sophie, 2001). Between 100 and 140 million girls and women in the 
1 
 
world underwent some form of female genital mutilation (Elizabeth & Sophie, 2001). 
The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated that in 2004, 2018 million 
children were involved in child labour, 126 million of whom were doing work that was 
dangerous. The ILO  also estimated that 5.7 million children were forced to work in 
forced and bonded labour that 1.8 million children worked in prostitution and 
pornography and that 1.2 million children were victims of trafficking (Elizabeth & 
Sophie, 2001). 
 
Elizabeth and Sophie (2001) argue that there are a number of reasons why much 
violence remains hidden.  For example: fear, many children are afraid to report 
violence. Or sometimes family members know about the violence, but don’t report it 
because it is committed by someone powerful, like a parent, a police officer, a boss or a 
community leader, who may harm them again. The second reason is stigma-children 
may be afraid that if others know about the violence, they will be blamed or isolated. In 
some place when a girl is raped, some communities and perhaps even here own family 
blame the girl for bringing shame on to them.  
 
Another reason for the children violence is ‘normal’ sometimes violence is seen as 
‘normal’ way of dealing with things, for example when people use violence as 
discipline or in the form of bullying or sexual harassment . Not reported is another 
reason for hidden violence  that sometimes children and adults don’t trust the 
authorities or sometimes there are simply no authorities to go to when violence takes 
place. The last reason is being not recorded that even if violence is reported, often no 
record is kept so that no one knows the extent of the problem. This is particularly the 
case in institutions such as jails and other detention centers or orphanages. 
 
Furthermore, Elizabeth and  Sophie (2001) give the possible effects of violence on 
children, which can still be felt many years later . This effect include physical health 
problems, such as changes in the development of the brain, injuries, bruises and 
fractures, difficulties in dealing with other people, learning problems, finding it hard to 
express feelings in a way that other people understand, emotional health problems 
including anxiety, depression or even wanting to kill him or herself and more likely to 
2 
 
do dangerous things like using drugs or having sex at a very young age . Also the 
violence study on VAC 2001 found that children experience violence in five different 
setting or places: at home, in school or other educational settings, in institutions such as 
orphanages, children’s homes, in prisons or detention centers in work place and in the 
community (Elizabeth &  Sophie 2001). 
 
Forms of physical violence against young women from Violence Against children in 
Africa has been reported to be of various forms including psychological, sexual, 
harmful traditional practices like early marriage female genital Mutilation (FGM), 
modeling of breasts, child trafficking (The African Child Policy Forum, 2011) .A study 
conducted by ACPF in 2011 indicates that forms of violence against young women 
from the age between 18 and 24 years are reported to be beating followed by hitting 
(ACPF, 2011). Beating is the most reported form of physical violence in Nigeria (90%), 
Senegal (83%) and Cameroon 79% (ACPF, 2011). Hitting on the other hand is highest 
in Burking Faso 91% followed by Nigeria 84% and Democratic republic of Congo 
74%. Other forms of violence are reported to be hard work, chocking / burning (ACPF, 
2011). 
 
Furthermore, the ACPF (2011) explains that the perpetrators of physical violence on 
girl by females is from their mothers who are ranked highest in Burking Faso 85%, 
Cameroon 71%, DRC and Senegal 70% and Nigeria 60%, (ACPF,2011). Fathers 
emerge as the highest perpetrators of physical violence against girls (ACPF, 2011). 
Brothers and male teachers are also reported to be perpetrators of physical violence 
against girls but also other relatives peers and adult neighbours’ girls (ACPF 2011). 
Also forms of psychological violence are reported  to be insults, being shouted at or 
glared at witnessing severe beating /hitting, being embarrassed in front of others and 
being ignored, (ACPF,2011). In Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, the most prevalent form 
of psychological abuse is being glared at ranking from 67.6% in Ethiopia to 88.8% in 
Uganda (ACPF, 2011). 
 
3 
 
The Tanzania violence Against children study (Tanzania VAC, 2009) urges that 
violence against young men, women and children is increasingly seen as an important 
human and children rights, health and social challenge in Tanzania, The unprecedented 
number of orphans and vulnerable children resulting from the AIDS pandemic, 
combined with the weakening of family care structures increase the risks of violence 
and exploitation faced by children ( Tanzania VACS, 2009). A  sub –national data on 
sexual violence against children in Tanzania shows that sexual violence is a serious 
concern. According to WHO multi –country study on woman’s health and domestic 
violence against women, up to 11% of women surveyed in Moshi and Dare s salaam in 
Tanzania reported sexually abused before the age of 15.3% of females described their 
intercourse as being forced or unwanted  (Tanzania VACS, 2009). Also 31% of females 
and 25% of males reported having experienced at least one type of sexual violence 
before the age of 18, 11% of males and 8.8% of males have experienced unwanted 
intercourse during their life time, (Tanzania VACS, 2009). 
 
An interview by the social welfare officer in the Department of Social Welfare in 
Temeke Municipality revealed that the forms of violence against children as being 
physical, child neglect, early marriages, early pregnancies, child labour, and child 
trafficking. Also the social welfare officer highlighted the reasons for the existence of 
violence against children in Temeke district as being poverty, step mothers, divorce, 
norms and values and gender inequalities.  
 
1.3 Statement of the Problem 
 Long (2010) argues that, sexual physical and emotional abuse is common for all 
children, boys and girls, growing up in Tanzania. As a response to this the department 
of social welfare with the support from UNICEF developed a child protection system 
model in January, 2010 reducing piloted districts from seven to three districts, Hai, 
Magu and Temeke  due to lack of  human resources and political will. Since that time, 
there has not been a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the child 
protection in Temeke District (DSW, 2013). Therefore this study intended to analyze 
the effectiveness of the child protection system model in preventing and responding to 
violence against children being implemented in Temeke District, Dar es Salaam.  
4 
 
1.4 Research Questions 
1.4.1 Main Research Question 
The main question was: has the child protection system model for preventing and 
responding to violence against children implemented in Temeke District been 
effective? 
 
1.4.2 Specific Research Questions 
i. What is the status of violence against children in Temeke District? 
ii. How is the child protection system model being implemented? 
iii. To what extent has the child protection system model been effective? 
iv. What are the challenges in implementing the child protection system model? 
 
1.5 Objectives of the Study 
1.5.1 Overall Objective 
The overall objective of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed child 
protection system model in preventing and responding to violence against children in 
Temeke District. 
 
1.5.2 Specific Objectives 
Specific objectives of the study were: 
i. To explore the status of violence against children in Temeke District. 
ii. To examine how the  child protection system model is implemented 
iii. To find out the extent to which the child protection system model has been 
effective. 
iv. To examine the challenges in implementing the child protection system model.       
                         
1.6 Justification of the Study 
This study is important for three major reasons. First, Temeke district is among the 
three pilot districts in Tanzania implementing the proposed child protection system 
model. Therefore it is worth conducting a study analyzing the effectiveness of the 
model. Second the study will be of great importance at practical level in informing field 
workers, implementers of child protection system model on the best strategy for 
5 
 
effective implementation in Tanzania. The system approach towards prevention of 
violence against children is on a nascent stage, so findings from this study may add 
knowledge on how to strengthen the systems approach. 
 
1.7 Limitations of the Study 
The study was limited by insufficient information. The data collected were not 
sufficient to make the research completely effective. This is because sometimes the 
respondents were not cooperative or could not return the questionnaires on time. 
Furthermore, the study encountered resource limitation in terms of funds. 
 
Scarcity of reference books on this topic was also among the major limitation to the 
study. Researches on this topic in Tanzania are fairly few. Nevertheless, the sample that 
was visited is adequate enough to provide a basis for sound assessment and judgment of 
the factors constraining child protection in Tanzania. 
A researcher explained the significance of the study to the respondents and to the 
country in general.  This encouraged the participation of respondents to the study; 
moreover, the study used online references instead of text books from the library. 
Furthermore, the study focused on the case study because covering the whole 
population involves high administration cost. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6 
 
CHAPTER TWO 
 
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 
 
2.1 Introduction 
This chapter presents related literature on child protection model. It will look at the 
different approaches from the International Non –Governmental Organization (NGOs) 
like UNICEF, Save the Children, country specific initiatives in trying to adopt the 
systems approach towards preventing violence against children including Tanzania. 
Both theoretical and empirical literature will be reviewed. The theoretical review will 
provide the definition of key terms while the empirical review will include what has 
been done by other researchers in relation to the research topic. 
2.2 Theoretical Literature Review 
2.2.1 Definition of Key Concepts 
This part presents definition on key concepts on child protection and response on 
violence against children which include a child, child abuse, prevention, child 
protection system. Other key concepts include; Sexual violence, Emotional violence , 
physical violence,  
According to article one (1) of the convention on the rights of the child ( CRC) a child 
is defined as every human being below the age 18 years unless under the law applicable 
to the child majority is attained earlier. A child under the law act of 2009 of Tanzania is 
defined as any person less than 18 years of age, child act, 2009 (Tanzania VAC, 2009). 
Child abuse means contravention of the right of the child which causes physical, moral, 
or emotional harm including beatings, discrimination, neglect, sexuality abuse and 
exploitative labor, law of the child Act, 2009 (Tanzania VAC 2009) 
Prevention in relation to children is inter linkage with protection it refers to caretakers, 
community members and the state’s responsibility to create protective environment 
which protect child from all forms of abuses. Caretakers, community members and 
state have an obligation to prevent any abuse or harm to children. Article 19 of the CRC 
requires the state to take a variety of legislative administrative, social and Education 
7 
 
measures to protect children. This includes introduction of social programs and other 
prevention initiatives, law of child Act 2009 (Tanzania VAC 2009). 
Child protection system     
It refers to formal and informal systems which prevents and respond to violence, 
exploitation and abuse neglect of children. This includes sexual abuse and commercial 
exploitation, physically abuse, neglect of children, trafficking, and child labor and 
harmful traditional and child marriage. Where there is functional child protection 
system, the following elements are out to be in place, standard setting – legal and policy 
framework, regulations and oversight- with guidelines, prevention and response 
coordination between government and NGOS, information collection, knowledge 
management, capacity skilled protection workforce training and monitoring children’s 
voices and participation, cited in the survey on VAC (2009).  
Emotional violence refers to abuses such as being called bad names, being made to feel 
unwanted or being threaded with abandonment, survey on VAC (2009). Physical 
violence refers to acts of violence such as slapping, pushing, hitting a fist referred to as 
punching, kicking or whipping or threatening with a weapon such as a gun or knife, 
survey on VAC (2009). Sexual violence refers to any sexual act that is perpetrated 
against someone’s will and encompasses a range of offences including a completed non 
consensual sex act (rape), attempted nonconsensual sex acts, abusive contact (unwanted 
touching) and non- contact sexual abuse (e.g. threatened sexual violence, verbal sexual 
harassment, survey on VAC (2009). 
2.2.2 Approaches and Frameworks in Child Protection against Violence 
Davis and McCaffery (2012) argue that, violence against children is experienced by all 
children in the world and this has brought about a growing interest in applying the 
systems approach to strengthening child protection efforts. The systems approach shifts 
attention to a larger systemic framework that includes legal and policy contexts, 
institutional capacity, community contexts, planning budgeting and monitoring and 
evaluation subsystems. This approach differs from child protection efforts that focus on 
single thematic issues such as HIV/AIDS, disability, child trafficking strict children, 
8 
 
child labour, emergencies and institutionalization. These single-issue approaches often 
result in a fragmented and unsustainable child protection response. 
According to Davis and McCaffery (2012) governments and international organization 
are utilizing the systems approach in the establishment and strengthening of child 
protection system.  For example, the systems approach by UNICEF’s 2005 protective 
Environment framework as well as the main conclusion of the 2008 UN Secretary –
General’s study  on violence against children call for expanding protective mechanisms 
to more holistic, comprehensive and long term responses.  
 
World vision’s approach that links laws, services and capacities, with a circle of care 
concept and utilizing a child-focused resilience and participatory approach. Save the 
children approach outlines the critical components of national child protection systems 
and emphasizes the importance of community-based mechanism at the grassroots level 
that allows immediate action which is especially helpful in emergence situations. 
Furthermore, Davis and McCaffery (2012) argue that at the institutional level, various 
ministries, departments and agencies within a respective country context share 
responsibilities for children’s development and the overall well- being of children and 
families. As a consequence that has  created a  political space for  child protection 
system strengthening initiated by leaders in all sectors involved, for example in Ghana 
the national policy directives for children including the departments   and agencies of 
the ministries of health, education and social welfare and community development. 
This process served as a foundation for establishing across-sector political will. 
Another example according to Davis and McCaffery (2012) is in Cot d’lvore where the 
government used the publications of the national mapping and analysis of child 
protection as a way to engage the health education and labour sectors in discussions on 
ways in which collective and systematic actions could be carried out. Sierra Leone has 
initiated similar processes of cross sector-wide consultations in the development of a 
shared vision for child protection. 
9 
 
Davis and McCaffery (2012) still argue that in Tanzania, a research data conducted on 
the very high prevalence of school-based violence helped put the issue of violence as a 
national priority for action, for example, the Tanzania government has highlighted the 
need to invest in ending violence against children as it poses major threat to national 
development and to achieving the MKUKUTA vision and to achieving Millennium 
development goals. Each relevant ministry has inserted coherent and coordinated 
violence continuum of care service structures and responses within their annual budget 
in line with a 5-year national plan of action to prevent and respond to violence against 
children.  
The efforts done by sub-Saharan countries to engage child protection system as 
National priorities were facilitated by different tools. Tools like National development 
plans; a country like Malawi embedded child protection system strengthening strategies 
within broader national strategy and planning documents. For example within the 
national poverty reduction strategy paper  (PRSP), the growth and development 
strategy (2011-2016) poverty reduction strategy, the UN development assistance 
framework, these strategies move consequently with significant national resources  
(Davis & McCaffery, 2012).  
Tanzania in her efforts to link the formal and in formal systems to child protection used 
the work force approach a system-strengthening entry point in order to implement the 
development of structure provision; attention was paid to the work force with the 
districts. The district councils partnered with the institute of social work (ISW) for 
addressing the work force needs. This structure consists of the council management 
team, district child protection team (DCPT), ward child protection team (WCPT) and 
village child protection team (VCPT) (Davis & McCaffery, 2012). 
To implement this child protection model, three districts in Tanzania-Hai, Magu and 
Temeke were piloted due to lack of human resources and political will with the aim to 
improve the delivery of social and protective service to all children, especially the most 
vulnerable, with the view towards building evidence base for an effective child 
protection model that can be scaled up nationally (Long, 2011) 
10 
 
2.2.3 The Scope of Child Protection 
Child protection work aims to prevent, respond and resolve the abuse, neglect, 
exploitation and violence experienced by children in all settings. It is a specialist sector 
in its own right but of necessity it works very closely with other sectors (McAlpine, 
2007). Child protection should not be confused with the protection of all children’s 
rights, which is the responsibility of everyone working with children. Similarly, child 
protection is related to but distinct from  the organizational protocols, policies and 
procedures aiming to ensure that every child with whom Save the Children and its 
partners works is safe while they are in our care (Wald et al., 2008). 
Child protection requires a multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach (linking 
closely, for example, with work in education, health and criminal justice). Increasing 
the effective protection of children also involves working with a wide range of formal 
and informal bodies, including governments, multilateral agencies, donors, 
communities, care takers, and families. 
 Importantly, it also requires close partnership with children, including initiatives to 
strengthen their capacity to protect themselves (Panter-Brick, 2002). 
Child protection work aims to strengthen the capacity of all these actors to protect 
children and to develop systems and mechanisms that provide meaningful protection 
for all children in the longer term. It seeks to address the root causes of child protection 
failures such as chronic poverty, insecurity, power imbalances and harmful traditional 
attitudes and behaviours (Riitta et al., 2011). 
The government has the main responsibility for the fulfilment of children’s protection 
rights and should establish a national and community-based child protection system 
with a coordinated and holistic approach, integrating the contributions of the different 
sectors and actors (McAlpine, 2007). Such a system should be based on a combination 
of law and knowledge (in line with human rights standards), and include well-trained 
staff, children’s participation and awareness raising on the nature and response to child 
protection concerns (Panter-Brick, 2002). 
11 
 
The accountability of the State for such a system is essential for its effectiveness and 
sustainability. In situations of conflict and disaster where the government is unable or 
unwilling to ensure the protection of children, international bodies need to take on the 
responsibility for the fulfilment of children’s protection rights (Andersson, 2005). 
Child protection is an important component of broader protection activities aiming to 
ensure the care and protection of vulnerable population groups such as elderly persons, 
disabled persons, and the chronically ill, as well as children. This includes emergency 
settings where child protection practitioners work with others to provide a specialist 
component of overall humanitarian protection for displaced and refugee populations 
(Lachman, 1996). 
The term ‘child protection’ is used in different ways by different organizations in 
different situations.   In its simplest form, child protection addresses every child’s right 
not to be subjected to harm. It complements other rights that, inter alia, ensure that 
children receive that which they need in order to survive, develop and thrive (Elmer, 
2006). 
Child protection covers a wide range of important, diverse and urgent issues. Many, 
such as child prostitution, are very closely linked to economic factors. Others, such as 
violence in the home or in schools, may relate more closely to poverty, social values, 
norms and traditions. Often criminality is involved, for example, with regard to child 
trafficking. Even technological advance has its protection aspects, as has been seen 
with the growth in child pornography (Nhlapo, 2005). 
[[ 
For analytical and intervention purposes it is very essential to recognize the difference 
between these two concepts. If we take an example of children experiencing the 
problem of limited basic needs such as shelter, food and healthcare, this problem falls 
categorically under child social protection. However, if we take an example of children 
who have been sexually abused, that is a problem which squarely falls under child 
protection category. It naturally follows that the intervention needs of the two 
categories of the nature of children’s problems are essentially different in the sense that 
12 
 
the former calls for social protection measures; while the latter calls for both child 
social protection measures and child protection measures (Andersson, 2005). 
A consideration of these two concepts suggests that there is an ideal childhood whose 
degree of attainment is measured against the extent there is both child protection and 
child social protection in the society. Children movements can therefore be considered 
as pushing for the construct of ideal childhood experience, where every nation, 
community and family should be striving to provide or construct that kind of childhood 
for its young people (Elmer, 2006). 
 
However, what is universally true across communities is that ideally childhood is a 
multistage continuum process that occurs within an institutional context and it is this 
institutional context which is primarily responsible for ensuring child protection and 
child social protection. Under a normal livelihood atmosphere, in principle the first and 
most common institution responsible for children is the family, whether nuclear or 
extended. The family forms first-line institutions responsible for caring of children and 
it is obligated to facilitate and ensure child protection and expected to provide child 
social protection (Dyer, 2007). 
 
Children are the group most vulnerable to political and economic changes at the state 
and community level as they cannot react to and interact with these changes in the same 
way as adults do. Children’s ability to cope with the surrounding environment is limited 
if compared to that of the adult community. Research, reports and documents have 
shown that children’s suffering is actually increasing globally, due to ongoing wars and 
armed conflicts and the economic strains resulting from these situations (Nhlapo, 
2005). 
 
An increased global awareness of the concept of childhood and the needs and rights of 
children has been exhibited in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the 
Child (CRC) and the many other declarations of child rights. In spite of this, the 
situation of many children is becoming worse and the violation of their rights is 
constantly increasing. Indicative of this is the increasing phenomenon of “street 
children”, which sometimes has catastrophic manifestations that include child neglect, 
13 
 
exclusion, homelessness, and regular loitering. “Street children” are found primarily in 
urban centres (though the children may originate from rural areas) and many depend on 
themselves for meeting their daily life needs.1 In order to survive, many are forced to 
search for work or beg for money or handouts (Nhlapo, 2005). 
 
Child Protection is a multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary affair that requires 
involvement of everyone. Taking Kenya, for instance, over a half of its population is 
constituted by children some of who live in different situations of vulnerability. It is 
vital that Kenya has an effective and functional child protection system which is guided 
by a framework. The overall purpose of any child protection system is to promote the 
well-being of children through prevention of violence and exploitation, ensuring that in 
case it happens, prompt and coordinated action is taken to prevent further occurrence 
(Andersson, 2005). 
 
The system includes a set of laws and policies that protect children from violence and 
exploitation; a central government coordination mechanism bringing together; 
government departments and civil society organizations at all levels; a centralized 
management information system that ensures regular collection of information on both 
prevalence and incidence of child protection issues; services and responses that are 
effectively regulated and coordinated (Andersson, 2005). 
 
Quality in interventions and child protection processes (Dyer, 2007). Child protection 
as evidence-based practice in the strictest sense, it can,  be characterized by the terms 
quality and good practices, which are documented in many municipalities as well as in 
many development projects. 
 
With regard to child protection, municipalities make an annual report of their 
performance indicators for statistics, and these are collected in national statistics. These 
child welfare statistics show some trends in child protection and are used as national 
indicators of well-being, in particular, as indicators of deficits in well-being amongst 
children (Dyer, 2007). 
 
14 
 
Studies show that, when a child is taken into care, several risk factors are present in the 
family, and in many cases, these risks are cumulative (Elmer, 2006). In addition to the 
risks, there are also protective factors and mechanisms in communities, families and 
services. This knowledge could already be benefited from in the prevention of problems 
and early intervention in universal services and also during substitute care (Nhlapo, 
2005). Studies also suggest that children in substitute care have an increased rate of 
psychosocial problems (Lachman, 1996), and after the care period, in many respects, 
the well-being of former child protection clients is worse than that of mainstream young 
people (Nhlapo, 2005). 
 
Child welfare in is based on the principle of mild intervention, which means that the 
mildest ways of interventions come first, and the strength of measures gradually 
increases if there is a need for stronger interventions. The Child Welfare Act obligates 
public sector authorities to support families in their upbringing task, and this is done 
through family policy and through different basic services such as school, day care or 
health services. If the basic services are not adequate for the needs of a child and a 
family, child welfare and child protection may assess the situation. Sometimes the 
assessment process alone may provide the help for the child and there is no need for 
further procedures (Lachman, 1996). 
 
2.2.4 Child Protection in Tanzania 
While significant steps have been taken to improve the legal framework for the 
protection of the rights of children in Tanzania, many children are still vulnerable to 
violence, exploitation, neglect and abuse. Commonly, the very institutions and 
individuals that are supposed to protect children such as teachers, police, and relatives 
are cited as the perpetrators of the violence or abuse (Runyan & Carolyn, 2005). 
 
The Law of the Child Act, approved by the Tanzanian Parliament in November 2009 
and the Children’s Act, passed by Zanzibar’s Parliament in March 2011, enshrine 
fundamental rights of children and lay the foundation for a child protection system that 
will oblige a range of bodies to prevent and respond to violence, abuse and exploitation 
of children (McAlpine, 2007). 
15 
 
Tanzania is committed to ensuring that the rights of children are respected. 
Nevertheless, the challenge remains to use and translate laws and policies effectively to 
deliver equitable and lasting results for children. Child protection issues intersect with 
every one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) from poverty reduction to 
getting children into school, from tackling gender inequality to reducing child mortality 
(Elmer, 2006).    
 
There is little hope of achieving most of the MDGs if children are not protected from 
violence, exploitation, neglect and abuse. Children’s care and development in Tanzania 
suffers from severe domestic insecurity. There are over two million children who have 
lost both parents or are abandoned, meanwhile 20 percent of 5 to 17 year olds are 
engaged in child labour and only 8 percent of Tanzanian children under five have a 
birth certificate. There has been little focus on identifying and responding to children in 
need of protection from abuse, violence and exploitation (Davis et al., 2008). 
 
The structures, systems and services for protecting children, especially those with 
disabilities, are lacking. Women’s rights to protection from abuse and violence are 
similarly neglected (Andersson, 2005). Violence against children in the country has a 
profound impact on emotional, behavioural and physical health and social development 
throughout life. A National Survey on Violence against Children, launched in 2011, 
exposes that almost a third of females aged 13 to 24 experienced at least one incident of 
sexual violence before the age of 18. The most common form of sexual violence 
experienced was unwanted sexual touching followed by attempted unwanted sexual 
intercourse (Runyan and Carolyn, 2005). 
 
Among males in the same age group, more than 13 per cent stated that they had 
experienced at least one incident of sexual abuse prior to the age of 18. Few of those 
who experienced sexual violence received any service (Davis et al., 2008). Victims of 
sexual violence are often reluctant to let others know about their experiences due to 
confusion, feelings of guilt, shame, fear of not being believed or being reprimanded, or 
even of being abandoned for what has occurred. The survey revealed that nearly one 
half of the females and over two thirds of the males who had experienced childhood 
16 
 
sexual violence had never disclosed their abuse prior to the survey. The structures and 
systems to protect children are either weak, under resourced or non-existence 
(McAlpine, 2007). 
 
On physical violence, about 72 per cent of girls and 71 per cent of boys experience 
being punched, whipped, kicked, or threatened with a weapon like a gun or knife by a 
relative, authority figure (such as teachers), or an intimate partner during their 
childhood (McAlpine, 2007). While 60 per cent of children name fathers and mothers 
as the most common perpetrators of physical violence, 78 per cent of girls and 67 per 
cent of boys who have been abused by teachers are punched, kicked, or whipped more 
than five times  going well beyond what is sanctioned as corporal punishment. The 
survey says corporal punishment is still a common practice in Tanzania, it is perceived 
as a legitimate form of correction of behaviour in homes and schools, and is even 
sanctioned as a legal punishment (Andersson, 2005). 
 
Police stations are not child friendly places and as a result put off children from 
reporting cases of abuse. Cases that are prosecuted are subjected to long delays, and 
even where the case does reach the trial stage, children and their families are often not 
able to travel long distances to reach a court, leading to cases being dropped and 
impunity for the perpetrator (Davis et al., 2008). Too often children and youth in 
conflict with the law are treated as adults, ignoring the many developmental differences 
and violating children’s rights. Tanzania does not have separate justice procedures for 
children, and has set the age for criminal responsibility at 10 years very low by 
international standards (Davis et al., 2008). The country has only one juvenile court and 
so the majority of children’s cases are heard in adult courts. Children face being 
detained for long periods, both pre and post-trial, in adult prisons. In 2011, as part of an 
assessment of children in detention carried out by CHRAGG, it was estimated that over 
1400 children were held in adult prisons, 75 per cent of whom were awaiting trial. Few 
alternatives exist to detention and the alternatives that are available are not 
rehabilitative. Tanzania retains caning as a punishment known as ‘stroking’. Children 
who are arrested or detained are vulnerable to violence and abuse from law 
enforcement officials and from fellow (Runyan & Carolyn, 2005). 
17 
 
 
This creates a need for a comprehensive national system of child protection that will 
provide adequate coverage to vulnerable groups and help translate Tanzania’s decent 
record of economic growth into increased protection for its most vulnerable citizens 
(Davis et al., 2008). 
 
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is working with the government and 
other partners in the country to build and strengthen a national child protection system  
which includes the set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all 
social sectors  especially social welfare, education, health and justice which provide 
protection services. Such a system is key to securing and operationalizing a protective 
environment for children (Andersson, 2005). 
 
In Tanzania UNICEF is working closely with a number of different Government 
Ministries to support the establishment of a well coordinated Child Protection System, 
both at national and local government level. Building on the landmark legislation for 
children in Tanzania, the Law of the Child Act, the Department of Social Welfare has 
developed already 7 sets of rules and regulations. These regulations have now been 
gazette and thus provide legally binding procedures on children’s care and protection in 
Tanzania (McAlpine, 2007). 
 
In the first phase, regulations were developed for adoption, foster care, children’s 
homes, child labour, apprenticeships, approved schools and retention homes. In Phase 
II, UNICEF is supporting the Department to develop regulations on child protection 
which will formally set out how a child protection system will work at the local level 
and set out the minimum package of child protection services to be provided by the 
Local Government Authorities (LGAs) (Andersson, 2005). 
 
The child protection regulations will deliver a legally binding set of multi-disciplinary 
procedures that provide standards for identifying, referring and responding to cases of 
child abuse, as well as the roles and responsibilities of all concerned agencies and 
competent officers (Davis et al., 2008). 
18 
 
 
Moreover, UNICEF in Tanzania, supporting the development and implementation of a 
Social Welfare Workforce Strategy for the Department of Social Welfare (DSW) in 
order to address the dearth of social welfare personnel which adversely impacts on the 
protection of children (Elmer, 2006). 
 
Concerning on building a model for a child protection system in Tanzania, it was  
disclosed that UNICEF is supporting the practical application of a child protection 
system in four districts, engaging all relevant sectors of local government and civil 
society. In these districts, the social welfare, police, justice, health and education 
sectors and informal community structures are working together to ensure cases of 
child abuse are dealt with swiftly and appropriately (McAlpine, 2007). 
 
Furthermore, in Tanzania a Child Protection Management Information System 
(CPMIS) is also being piloted in these districts, beginning with the development of case 
management tools for use by the teams responsible for child protection interventions. 
The knowledge and evidence of these pilot districts will help to inform the development 
of a national child protection system linked to, and reinforced by the Law of the Child 
Act, that provides a comprehensive range of prevention and response services to 
address child protection issues, such as those evidenced by the National Survey on 
Violence against Children. By 2015, the goal is for the Department of Social Welfare, 
with the support of UNICEF and national and international partners, to have scaled up 
its support to a total of 25 districts in the country (McAlpine, 2007). 
 
Child protection issues intersect with every one of the Millennium Development Goals 
(MDGs) from poverty reduction to getting children into school, from tackling gender 
inequality to reducing child mortality (Andersson, 2005). There is little hope of 
achieving most of the MDGs if children are not protected from violence, exploitation, 
neglect and abuse. But whilst there are clear, if inadequate, funding streams for 
education, health, HIV/ AIDS. Budgeting for social welfare and child protection 
remains a major challenge and currently partners are looking at opportunities to address 
19 
 
this through the development of a budgeting guideline at both national and local 
authority level (Runyan & Carolyn, 2005). 
 
Over the past two decades, CP in development and in emergency situations has 
improved significantly. The dynamics of several protection problems, such as child 
trafficking and the impact of HIV on children, are clearer now. However, the 
fragmented approach to protection issues has caused problems, because many children 
contend with multiple issues simultaneously. By addressing one issue and ignoring 
others, most CP interventions have failed as comprehensive solutions. Moreover, 
donors and NGOS generally have not coordinated their efforts well and governments 
have not understood CP as a sector in its own right. Dissatisfied with such 
fragmentation, several agencies that specialize in development and CP, including 
UNICEF and Save the Children, decided to implement an integrated and holistic 
strategy: the child protection system (CP system) approach. This innovation will 
change the way agencies in the CP sector work. Because ideas about the approach are 
evolving, what follows is a brief outline of some of the basic elements of a CP system 
(Andersson, 2005). 
 
All parts of society families, communities and governments have important roles to 
play in ensuring children’s safety and well being. Children have roles, too, appropriate 
to their ages, maturity levels and capacities. One of the best ways to protect children is 
to empower them to protect themselves through knowledge and skills for self-care. 
Children can also contribute to make CP systems stronger when they have meaningful 
opportunities to participate (Elmer, 2006). 
 
 Families are the first safety net for children. Families’ primary social, moral and legal 
responsibility in society is to care for children and meet their basic needs. Some 
families are overwhelmed by social and economic problems and can’t fully protect their 
children. Communities are the second safety net for children. Informal networks of kin, 
friends and neighbors usually step in to help children in need. Communities also 
provide more formal responses through groups such as churches and grassroots 
organizations. These groups can assess the needs of children and families, mobilize 
20 
 
resources to support them and monitor and report child protection violations (Elmer, 
2006). 
 
The ability of communities to protect children is enhanced when stakeholders join 
forces; community child protection committees are an example Community oversight is 
especially important in countries where national child protection systems are weak or 
nonexistent. In these countries, communities play a vital role in supporting children and 
families in need of protection. However, although community stakeholders usually 
have the will and commitment to help, sometimes they lack the resources and expertise 
necessary to meet the needs of all those at risk adequately. The state has the main 
responsibility for securing children’s right to protection. Governments should establish 
national CP systems and make sure they work well (Gelles, 2000). 
 
The most comprehensive human rights treaty and legal instrument for the promotion 
and protection of children’s rights is the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 
a human rights treaty that the United Nations (UN) adopted in 1989. The CRC was 
developed because it was generally felt that the universal Declaration of Human Rights 
adopted in 1948 and applying equally to all human beings, children and adults alike did 
not define the rights of children with enough precision (Dyer, 2007). The CRC 
addresses civil, political, economic and cultural rights in one comprehensive 
framework. It applies to all children at all times in all situations. Most of the countries 
that have ratified the CRC have established national systems to fulfill children’s right to 
protection. The CRC comprises 54 articles and is guided by four basic principles: the 
best interests of the child, nondiscrimination, the right to survival, well-being and 
development, and respect for the views of the child (Gelles, 2000). 
 
2.2.5 Needs for Child Protection 
Child protection is important for a number of reasons such as; it prevents cases of child 
abuse and it provides a safe environment for children to grow up in.  Child protection 
requires the participation of police, parents and doctors.  If a family is unable to care for 
the child, steps should be taken by the authorities to address the reasons and make 
every effort to keep the family together (Panter-Brick, 2002). 
21 
 
 
Also, it helps the community to know that every child has a right to a name and 
nationality. It is important to register a child’s birth helps to ensure a child's right to 
education, health care, legal and social services. Birth registration is a vital step towards 
protection from abuse and exploitation (Bicego et al., 2003). 
 
Child protection enables families,  communities and authorities to know the importance 
of girls and boys in  all forms of violence and abuse. This includes physical, sexual and 
emotional abuse, neglect and harmful practices such as child marriage and female 
genital mutilation. Families, communities and authorities are responsible for ensuring 
this protection (Gelles, 2000). The society will be aware that children must be protected 
from all works that are hazardous. Work should not prevent them from attending 
school. Children should never be involved in the worst forms of child labour, such as 
slavery, forced labour, drug production or trafficking (Panter-Brick, 2002). Moreover, 
girls and boys can be at risk of sexual abuse and exploitation in their home, school, 
workplace or community. Understanding child protection will help the community to 
take measures to prevent sexual abuse and exploitation. Sexually abused and exploited 
children need immediate help to stop such abuse. Children are vulnerable to trafficking 
where protection for children is weak or missing. Knowledge on child protection will 
help the government, civil society and families to be responsible for preventing 
trafficking, as well as helping children who are victims to reintegrate into their families 
and communities, if it is in their best interest (Nhlapo, 2005). Justice for children 
should be based on child rights. Depriving children of their liberty (incarcerating them) 
must always be a last resort. Procedures that are sensitive to children should be put in 
place for children who are victims or witnesses of crime (Dyer, 2007). 
 
Furthermore, Income support and social welfare services can help keep families 
together and children in school and ensure access to health care to children. All children 
have a right to age-appropriate information, to be heard and to participate in making 
decisions that concern them. Fulfilment of this right enables children to take an active 
role in their own protection against abuse, violence and exploitation, and to become 
active citizens (Gelles, 2000). 
22 
 
Human rights treaties are often followed by optional protocols additional legal 
mechanisms that complement and add to the treaty. A protocol may be on any topic 
relevant to the original treaty and is used to further address something in the original 
treaty, address a new or emerging concern or add a procedure for the operation and 
enforcement of the treaty. To help stem the growing abuse and exploitation of children 
worldwide, the UN’s General assembly adopted two optional protocols to the CRC in 
2000 to increase the protection of children from involvement in armed conflicts and 
from sexual exploitation (Elmer, 2006). 
[ 
 
Supporting the development of child-specific rules, procedures and programmes to 
ensure the rights of children in conflict with the law are respected, to reduce the use of 
detention and to ensure that children in detention are protected from abuse (Gelles, 
2000). 
 
Ensuring that lawyers, judges, police, social workers and other professionals are trained 
and understand how to implement the Law of the Child Act and to know the factors that 
expose children to risk of abuse and neglect and to put in place appropriate measures 
for prevention and response (Panter-Brick, 2002). 
 
Establishing Gender and Children’s Desks in all police stations staffed by trained police 
officers sensitive to situation of children and families affected by violence, 
strengthening referral pathways and services, including the Child Helpline, in line with 
provisions within the National Plan of Action for the Prevention and Response to 
Violence against Children; enhancing coordination among all sectors responsible for 
prevention, response, care, protection and justice for children (Panter-Brick, 2002). 
 
Developing and implementing national strategies to increase children’s access to justice 
and their care and protection within the Justice system. Building an evidence base 
through research and data collection to make the case for a strengthened national child 
protection response, scaling up of the child protection system strengthening models 
being demonstrated in four districts to national level (Wald et al., 2008) 
 
23 
 
These children have formed groups that have their own specific culture, values and 
structure. These groups have special relations with the policemen that serve in the areas 
where the groups stay (such as in railway stations) and they have special relations with 
adult brokers, who provide them with protection and assist them in solving their 
problems with the policemen (Runyan and Carolyn 2005). Although it is difficult to 
obtain official statistics on the number of street children globally, in the mid-1990s the 
UN World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 
estimated the number to be 100 million. This number is on the rise. Thus, the 
phenomenon of street children is one of the most significant problems. All countries, 
developed and developing alike, suffer from it and it is likely to have wide-ranging, 
long-term impacts on societies throughout the world unless effectively addressed 
(Panter-Brick, 2002) 
 
While at micro level child protection and child social protection may be guided by 
societal or community norms, values and morals, the child rights movements employ 
the concept natural rights which imply that each child is born with certain inalienable 
rights. The ‘natural rights concept suggests that these rights are legally protected 
entitlements, and therefore firmly establishes what practices are within national and 
supra-national acceptable standard and which practices contravene such standards 
(McAlpine, 2007). 
 
It is in this sense that Lachman, (1996) argues that intrusion into families by child 
protection authorities is permitted only when parents violate minimum standards for the 
care of children and that the primary focus of child protection is to protect children 
from harm even)in their own homes. For instance, in an African context, the family is 
perceived as a custodian of morals and traditional values and that these values permeate 
African family law (Nhlapo, 1995); however those values, morals and laws are only 
acceptable if they do not override legally established national or/and supra-national 
laws; for example, while culture might support female circumcision; the Tanzanian law 
identifies such acts if conducted to a girl below 18 years old as cruelty to children and 
sanction against it in the Sexual Offences . 
24 
 
 
It is therefore apparent that issues of child social protection and child protection are 
primarily institutional concerns because they can only be provided, protected and 
guaranteed in an institutional context because the vulnerable nature of children 
necessitate that there are effective and efficient mechanisms that ensures child social 
protection and child protection (Lachman, 1996). 
 
The question that this study sought to explore was to what extent are relevant 
institutional categories in Tanzania coping with issues of child protection and child 
social protection in the face of increasing abuse of children rights. In particular, this 
exploratory analytical study, intends to document the experiences of Tanzania with 
regard to the nature, magnitude, application, interpretation, and operationalization of 
the concepts child protection and child social protection, as well as to assess the 
efficacy of the stakeholders, both state and non-state agents in effectuation of children 
rights in the context of child social protection and child protection. It was also the 
interest of this study to document the extent in which the social-cultural and economic 
context and differing child rearing patterns challenge principles of child protection and 
child social protection in Tanzania (Nhlapo, 2005). 
 
2.2.6 Strategies for Building a Protective Environment for Children 
The scale, extent, nature, urgency and complexity of child protection issues are 
daunting (Runyan and Carolyn, 2005). Yet there are numerous examples among many 
countries of the varied ways in which governments, civil society actors, communities 
and children themselves can help prevent and respond to violence, abuse and 
exploitation. It is clear that the response to child protection has to be holistic, recognize 
the duties of all people at all levels to respect children’s protection rights and apply to 
all children in all circumstances without discrimination. There is no legal or other 
agreed definition of what constitutes a protective environment. According to Riitta et al 
(2011), it should address at least the following elements: 
 
25 
 
Governmental commitment to fulfilling protection rights, Government interest in, 
recognition of and commitment to child protection is an essential element for a 
protective environment. This includes ensuring that adequate resources are made 
available for child protection, for example, for programmes to combat child labour. It 
also includes political leaders being proactive in raising protection on the agenda and 
acting as advocates for protection (Panter-Brick, 2002). 
 
Attitudes, traditions, customs, behaviour and practices, In societies where attitudes or 
traditions facilitate abuse  for example, regarding sex with minors, the appropriateness 
of severe corporal punishment, the application of harmful traditional practices or 
differences in the perceived status and value of boys and girls, the environment will not 
be protective. In societies where all forms of violence against children are taboo, and 
where the rights of children are broadly respected by custom and tradition, children are 
more likely to be protected (Lugalla & Kibassa 2002). 
 
 
At the most basic level, children need to be free to speak up about child protection 
concerns affecting them or other children. At the national level, both media attention to 
and civil society engagement with child protection issues contribute to child protection. 
Partnerships among actors at all levels are essential for an effective and coordinated 
response (Gelles, 2000). Legislation and enforcement, an adequate legislative 
framework, its consistent implementation, accountability and a lack of impunity are 
essential elements of a protective environment (Lachman, 1996). 
 
Capacity, parents, health workers, teachers, police, social workers and many others who 
care for and live, deal and work with children need to be equipped with the skills, 
knowledge, authority and motivation to identify and respond to child protection 
problems. There are other broader types of capacity that relate to the protective 
environment, including the provision of education and safe areas for play (Goerge et al, 
2004). 
 
Children’s life skills, knowledge and participation: If children are unaware of their right 
not to be abused, or are not warned of the dangers of, for example, trafficking, they are 
more vulnerable to abuse. Children need information and knowledge to be equipped to 
26 
 
protect themselves. Children also need to be provided with safe and protective channels 
for participation and self-expression. Where children have no opportunities for 
participation, they are more likely to become involved in crime or other dangerous or 
harmful activities (Runyan & Carolyn, 2005). 
 
Monitoring and reporting, a protective environment for children requires an effective 
monitoring system that records the incidence and nature of child protection abuses and 
allows for informed and strategic responses. Such systems can be more effective where 
they are participatory and locally based. It is a responsibility of government to make 
sure that everyone knows the situation of its children with regard to violence, abuse and 
exploitation (Dyer, 2007). 
 
Services for recovery and reintegration: Child victims of any form of neglect, 
exploitation or abuse are entitled to care and non-discriminatory access to basic social 
services. These services must be provided in an environment that fosters the health, 
self-respect and dignity of the child (Nhlapo, 2005). 
 
2.2.7 Challenges Facing Child Protection 
In many developing and low resource countries, there is often a general paucity of 
information on the prevalence of child abuse, violence, neglect and exploitation at the 
national level, with limited data on the actual functioning of the system. This means 
that policy-makers and practitioners may have little information at hand to guide and 
shape the priorities of an emerging system capable of meeting the needs of children 
facing specific issues. For example, reliable national data about street-connected 
children tends to be scarce and lack depth. Indeed, few countries collect systemic data 
which can be disaggregated to document the changing numbers of children in street 
situations. This kind of data is critical to establish policies that mitigate vulnerability 
and priorities resources to tailored services (Lachman, 1996) 
 
Child welfare agencies often have difficulty in engaging and cooperating with other 
sectors whose policies and practices directly impact on children’s wellbeing. Many 
children face a number of interconnected specific issues: while a social welfare 
27 
 
ministry usually has the leading mandate to prevent and respond to child abuse, neglect, 
violence and exploitation, a number of other sector agencies also have responsibilities 
including those related to health, education and justice. For example, many street-
connected children are not in school, some are in conflict with the criminal justice 
system, and tend to have multiple health problems (Lachman, 1996) 
 
Budgetary allocations for child protection systems are often insufficient (Andersson, 
2005). This is especially, but by no means exclusively, pertinent to resource-poor 
countries. For example, Sierra Leone has one social worker for every 71,000 children; 
Timor-Leste has one for every 75,000; and Niger has one social worker for every 
168,000. In many countries, less than one percent of the total government budget may 
be allocated to child welfare and protection even when children represent a significant 
proportion of the total population. With such few human and financial resources 
available, there has been a tendency to focus efforts towards individual children who 
are already recognized as abused or most likely to be abused. Given that there may be 
large numbers of children facing specific issues such as street connectedness, the 
challenge is to ensure that investment is targeted at both preventative and responsive 
tailored services (Gelles, 2000). 
 
Universal services aim to prevent child abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation and 
promote children’s wellbeing. However, specialized services for children facing 
specific issues also need to be incorporated within the overall service paradigm to 
ensure that a national child protection system reaches all children. For example, street-
connected children may require night shelters; drop-in centers and outreach services; 
trauma counseling; support for drug and alcohol addiction; sexual health services; 
family reunification programs; and tailored informal education and training. A linear 
model of care may not meet the needs of children facing specific issues. A linear model 
of support expects a child to enter a service, receive regular support for a set period of 
time, and then exit the service successfully once his/her problems have been resolved.  
 
28 
 
These actions aim to stop or alleviate the worst effects of abuses (e.g. negotiating and 
advocating directly with owners of factories to stop using child labor, or to halt child 
traffickers and provide shelter for the children trafficked (Lachman, 1996). 
These actions aim to help children after maltreatment while they live with the 
subsequent effects of a particular pattern of abuse. They aim to help children recover 
for example, by providing them with psychological or psychosocial support and 
necessary health care (Dyer, 2007). 
 
Preventive actions aim to build a protective environment for children. They aim both to 
prevent children from becoming vulnerable and to strengthen protective mechanisms 
within society that will prevent maltreatment of children. This is the most long-term 
and structural sphere of action aimed at creating and/or consolidating an environment 
(political, social, cultural, institutional, economic and legal) conducive to full respect 
for the rights of the child. An Example of a preventive action is to advocate for 
government funding of a national CP system. The life skills education sometimes also 
called“ social And emotional learning”, or skills-based health education” refers to 
education that helps children  develop critical thinking, problem solving, negotiation 
and decision making skills; helps them manage challenges and risks and maximize their 
opportunities; and helps them solve problems in a cooperative, nonviolent way. Life 
Skills education builds children’s sense of personal worth and agency and teaches them 
to interact with others constructively and effectively (Dyer, 2007). 
 
Providing opportunities for children to  Participate and express their opinions regarding 
issues that concern them and to advocate on their own behalf not only fulfills their 
human rights but also provides them with opportunities to practice key life skills. The 
participation of children must be carefully planned to avoid placing them at further risk. 
Gender differences and the abilities of children in different developmental stages must 
also be taken into account. During the planning and implementing child participation 
activities, organizations must ensure that boys and girls have equal opportunities to join 
in. Educating children’s parents or caregivers on key issues such as child development 
and parenting helps them understand and respond better to the developmental needs of 
29 
 
their children and to be better equipped to deal with the problems and  challenges of 
child-rearing.  
 
It May also be a way to foster greater engagement of men in parenting and care giving. 
Parenting education will be particularly helpful for new, very young or elderly 
caregivers, who usually are not well prepared for child-rearing. 
 
Economic strengthening interventions and providing alternative livelihood options 
increase household income and assets and eliminate parents’ or caregivers’ stress 
associated with not being able to meet their children’s basic needs. These interventions 
are preventive in nature, because they reduce stress that contributes to domestic 
violence and abuse; reduce the possibility of children being separated from, or 
abandoned, by their families as a result of extreme poverty; and prevent children from 
being engaged in child labor or other forms of exploitation by their parents or 
caregivers to help with the sustenance of Their homes. These interventions are also 
responsive, because they can help return children to their families and take them out of 
situations of exploitation (Gelles, 2000). 
 
These committees are an important Structure in national CP systems, because they 
allow communities to participate in and take responsibility for CP. They operate at the 
village or community level and are usually voluntary and informal.  
The committees can identify children at Risk and link them to prevention, response, 
recovery and reintegration services. Community-based CP committees are often the 
first point of contact for CP Violations, particularly where services and referral 
mechanisms are absent (Andersson, 2005). 
 
Without government leadership and political will, development and enforcement of CP 
legislation will fail. Enhancing governmental commitment to CP is vital in countries 
where governments do not recognize their obligation to protect children, where 
governments themselves are benefiting from exploitative practices (such As child 
labor), and/or where governments do not have the capacity, technical expertise, and 
resources to implement policies and enforce laws (Lugalla &  Kibassa,2002). 
30 
 
2.3 Empirical Literature Review  
Child welfare policies and practices vary across nations, but most comparative studies 
have focused on differences between North America and European countries in how 
they address the abuse and exploitation of children, (Mildred & Plumber 2008). 
Child sexual abuse is generally viewed in the United States as a child protection issue 
and policy responses to it are embedded in a lager child welfare system that focuses on 
a whole range of protective issues including physical maltreatment and neglect. But 
researches for example, Gilbert (1997), who compared nine countries in North America 
and Europe, found that English speaking countries use what he calls a child protection 
approach while other European countries have more of a family service approach. 
Responses in countries that emphasize child protection tend to be more legalistic, less 
optimistic and more likely to delay interaction while family service approaches focus 
more on prevention and offer service to families earlier and more generously,( Mildred 
& Plummer 2008). 
The two differences in responding to violence against children by individual countries, 
a child protection approach and family service approach were further explained by 
Hetherington, (2006) who examined Gilbert’s findings in the light of a model proposed 
by Esping- Andersen (1990); cite in Hetherington, (2006) categorizes different types of 
social welfare regimes according to the country is socio-economic philosophy,( Mildred 
& Plummer, 2008). 
Espying –Andersen(2006) describes as “social democratic” and conservative” tend to 
have a family service approach to child welfare, while liberal countries tend to have 
child protection model, according to this model which uses terms like conservative and 
“liberal” somewhat differently than in the United states, both social democratic 
countries and conservative countries share the philosophy that society should be 
responsible for helping people in need though social democratic countries tend to offer  
Service though the government, while services are primarily provided by NGOS in 
conservation countries ( Mildred & Plummer, 2008). 
31 
 
Liberal countries, such as the United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom 
(UK) are more likely to see individuals as being responsible for their own needs and try 
to limit social expenditures. In examining their findings, Hetherington, (2006) conduces 
that social-cultural factors, may be the strongest determinants in shaping a nation’s 
responses to abuse, neglect and other forms of violence against children, ( Mildred & 
Plummer 2008.). 
Mildred and Plummer (2008) argue that responses to child sexual abuse in North 
America were shaped by a convergence of several factors. Public awareness about the 
extent and consequences of child sexual abuse was raised by adult survivors of 
childhood sexual abuse who spoke publicly about their abuse. Increased media 
attention to the issue led to widespread support for legislative and legal remedies that 
emphasized the criminal nature of extra-familial child molestation and focused on 
punishing perpetrators. 
In Kenya organizers and practitioners have developed and implemented low cost, 
community-based strategies for preventing and identifying sexual abuse in poverty- 
stricken neighborhoods. Strategies such as promoting a sense of responsibility for 
neighborhoods children, establishing children’s rights clubs in school, making use of 
taxi drivers to interrupt tourists seeking children for sex and outreach programs 
designed to meet a range of street children’s needs (Mildred & Plummer, 2008). 
Lachman (1996) highlights a few concerns that make it difficult to define child abuse in 
the African context. Cultural attitudes that vary towards abuse for example 
differentiating between abuse and discipline, male domination being the root cause of 
sexual abuse, socioeconomic and political factors like war, poverty have drastic effects 
on the position of the African child. 
Lachman(1996) suggests on appropriate response to child abuse in developing 
countries. He suggests that advocacy for child is an important aspect in child protection 
since it influences institutions and individuals with power to use that authority in the 
interests of children. The outcomes of the advocacy process include the building of 
networks between different NGOS and state structures. 
32 
 
Furthermore Lachman (1996) suggests that, child abuse prevention can be operated at 
two broad levels, Macro programs that aims at altering structure of a society that 
promotes child abuse and localized and operate at the community level, with the aims 
of preventing abuse in all neighborhoods and at all levels being essential as part of an 
overall strategy. 
Kenny and Machumu  (2010) conducted a study in Mara and Kagera region using the 
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)  study design with the aim of establishing 
relevant baseline information on the prevention of and response to child abuse 
including child protection system in a community setting  . They found out that the 
most reliable form of child care and support was households. However, the devastating 
effect of the HV/AIDS has made many households vulnerable to different shocks and 
hence their inability to protect children against abuse.  
They suggested a need to provide financial support and entrepreneurial skills to such 
households, provide education on the rights of children to avoid children from engaging 
in petty business, this can help households take care and protect children from abuse. 
Long (2011) conducted a study describing a child protection strengthening initiative 
that is being piloted in the four districts in Tanzania – Hai, Magu, Kasulu and Temeke 
.The aim was to improve the delivery of social and protective services to all children 
especially the most vulnerable. The study found that the efforts to address child 
protection issues have been poorly coordinated and resourced with a focus on stand-
alone projects with limited sustainability. As a result there is a need to have a systems 
approach that integrates the action of families (and children themselves), communities, 
formal and informal laws and practices, state and non-state actors across all sectors to 
work together to protect children. But this study did not show to what extent violence 
against children has been reduce. 
With reference to the above literature, authors have agreed that in the past, child 
protection services or programmes were conducted in isolation and as a result there was 
a need to develop a systems approach that deals with children issues in holistic manner 
involving both the formal and informal mechanisms. Including communities, families 
33 
 
and children in preventing violence. Since the systems approach is in a nascent stage, 
authors have written more on the country specific initiatives to adopt the system but 
have not showed the extent to which violence against children has been reduced or 
increased since the implementation. Therefore this study intends to analyze the 
effectiveness of the proposed child protection systems model in preventing and 
responding to violence against children in Temeke district in Tanzania looking on the 
extent to which violence against children has reduced since the time the model was 
implemented. 
 
34 
 
CHAPTER THREE 
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
[ 
3.1 Introduction 
This chapter shows how the research questions and objectives were achieved. It 
therefore, offers a description of how this research was conducted. The study also 
shows the type of data required, source of data, research techniques, processing and 
data analysis. 
3.2 Study area 
The study was conducted in Temeke District. This is for convenience reasons; first the 
model is being piloted in Temeke, second all the agencies implementing the model are 
in Dar es Salaam. According to the nation population census results of 2002, Temeke 
district had a total population of about 768,451 and a total of 187,607 households. This 
statistics reveal that this was about 38 percent of the total Dar es Salaam population and 
makes Temeke Municipal council the second population Municipal council after 
Kinondoni. With annual average rate of 4.6 percent. The population of the Municipal is 
estimated to be 1,104,447 people in the year 2010.This increase population density by 
31 percent from 83 persons sq km in 2002 to 109 persons per sq km in 2008. The 
impact of higher population densities always is associated with wide spread of poverty 
and other serious social problems such as crimes, leading to unsustainable 
development.  
 
 
 
35 
 
Figure 3.1: Temeke District Council Map: Administrative Boundaries. 
Map: 1     Locational Map
Legend
 Temeke Municipality
    Railway
Kinondoni
Indian Ocean     Arterial Road 4 Lane
    Arterial Road 2 Lane
    Local Road
Coast Region
    Regional Boundary
Temeke
Ilala
E
in km
0 5 10
S ource: D C C  - G IS  U nit 2005
 
Source: Temeke Municipal Council (2012).  
 
3.3 Research Design 
A case study design was used because participants come from a single case. A case 
study is mostly associated to qualitative research method use to study organization 
(Saunders et al, 2009). Case study was opted because it allows the use of various data 
collection methods so as to reach the validity and reliability coverage of the study and 
also it is cheaper and it serves both time resources. It also gives a researcher the 
opportunity of having much focused study because unity under the study is intensively 
studied. 
 
3.4 Population, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques 
 The study include officials from the Ministry of Community Development Gender and 
Children, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare,NGOs like UNICEF, Save The 
Children, Tanzania child right forum and the District Child protection teams. The 
sample take 10% of the total population, thus the study had 40 respondents. Non 
36 
 
probability sampling techniques purposive sampling techniques was employed to select 
Chang’ombe division and two wards which  are Tandika and Chang’ombe. 
3.5 Methods of Data Collection 
Both qualitative and quantitative information was collected from primary and 
secondary sources. Primary data were be collected through interviews, questionnaires 
and focused group discussion. Secondary data was obtained through documentary 
review whereby by various reports books and articles related to Child protection 
systems were be reviewed. 
37 
 
Table 3.1:  Summary of Methods of data collection   
Research questions Data required Source of data Technique Processing and Data 
Analysis 
1. What is the status ofI ncidences of Ministry of community Documentary Create 
violence against VAC,types of development gender and review, categories/create 
children in Temeke VAC ,effects of children,Ministry of health interviews, themes, coding, 
district? VAC on victims and Social Welfare questionnaire frequencies. 
,UNICEF,Save the 
Children,District Child 
Protection Team,Tanzania 
Child right Forum ,selected 
community members and 
local government officials. 
2. How is the child Referral Ministry of community Focus Group Create categories, 
protection system mechanisms, development gender and Discussion, create themes themes, 
model implemented? management of children,Ministry of health interview  coding, transcription 
cases, reporting and Social Welfare questionnaire 
system ,UNICEF,Save the 
 Children ,District Child 
Protection Team ,Tanzania 
Child right Forum, selected 
community members and 
local government officials. 
3. What are the Number of Ministry of community Interviews Create 
challenges of challenges ,types development gender and questionnaire categories,create 
implementing the of challenges children,Ministry of health themes, coding, 
model? and Social Welfare frequencies. 
,UNICEF,Save the 
Children, District Child 
Protection Team ,Tanzania 
Child right Forum, selected 
community members and 
local government officials. 
4. To what extent has Number of cases Ministry of community Interviews, Create 
the child protection reported, time of development gender and documentary categories/create 
system model been hearing the children, Ministry of healthr eview, themes, coding, 
effective? case,number of and Social Welfare questionnaire frequencies. 
decided ,UNICEF, Save the 
cases,extent of Children ,District Child 
reduction of Protection Team ,Tanzania 
VAC,measures/peChild right Forum , 
nalties taken selected community 
against members and local 
perpetrators, government officials. 
change of of mind 
set community, 
number of 
reported cases 
increased 
 
 
 
38 
 
3.6  Data Analysis 
Quantitative data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel. The data were presented in 
descriptive and tabular form; tabulation was used in order to establish relationship 
between variables. In presenting the finding of the study, tabulation was done to present 
some of the findings. 
 
Data processing involves editing, coding, tabulation was used as a key factor in whole 
process of research. This was done in the area of study in order to make the research 
accurate and effective.  Editing was done immediately after receiving questionnaire 
from the respondents; it involved correction of errors that might have appeared during 
the data recording process. Coding was done in order to ensure that the response 
categories were appropriately classified and exhausted to the problem under the study 
and arrange data collected according to group or classes they based on the basis of their 
common characteristics. Tabulation was done so as to assemble data into concise and 
logical order, researcher analyzed data collected qualitatively where words were used to 
explain findings and quantitative analysis where the data used numbers, computation of 
total and percentages 
 
 
39 
 
CHAPTER FOUR 
 
THE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 
 
 
4.1 Introduction 
There has been increased awareness of protecting children’s rights for their 
development as human beings. This is because violence against children is typical 
violation of human rights. Governments including Tanzania under the convention on 
the rights of the child (CRC) have agreed to protect children from all forms of violence. 
In response to that, the Department of social welfare with the support from UNICEF 
developed a child protection system model. This study therefore has provided 
highlights on its effectiveness, challenges and way forward. 
This chapter presents findings and discussion in line with the objectives of the study. 
The first section of the chapter gives background characteristics of the respondents. 
Section two explores the status of violence against children in Temeke District whereas 
section three provides discussion on how the child protection system model is 
implemented. Section four puts down the extent to which the child protection system 
model has been effective. The last section of the chapter explains challenges in 
implementing the child protection system model.                               
 
4.2 Descriptive Statistics of the Respondents 
This section presents the respondents’ composition in terms of age, gender and level of 
education. 
 
40 
 
4.2.1 Age of the Respondents 
 Found that as presented in Table 4.1. 
Table 4.1: Age of the Respondents 
Responses  Number of the Respondents Percentage (%) 
15 – 25 Years 4 10.0 
26 – 30 Years 21 52.5 
31- 40 Years    9 22.5 
41 – 50 Years 3 7.5 
51- 60 Years 2 5.0 
More than 60 Years 1 2.5 
Total  40 100.0 
Source: Field Data, (2014). 
 
Table 4.1 presents the age of the respondents. The study found that a small number of 
the respondents (2.5%) and (5.0%) were more than 60 years and between 51 to 60 years 
respectively. Also, the study found that a significant number of the respondents (22.5%) 
was aged between 31- 40 years. Moreover, the study found that out of 40 respondents, 
4 (10) were aged between 15 – 25 Years. The majority of the respondents (52.5%) were 
aged between 26 and 30 years. These results s imply that respondents were capable to 
provide responses for the study. Therefore, their opinions were considered.   
 
4.2.2 Gender of the Respondents 
The study involved both males and females. Figure 4.1 shows that 29 (72.5%) were 
males whereas a minority of the respondents (27.5%) were female. This implies that the 
study was bias free.  
 
  
 
 
 
 
41 
 
Figure 4. 1: Gender of the Respondents 
Female 
27.5%
Male
72.5%
 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
4.2.3 Marital Status 
The study was interested to examine marital status of the respondents.  
Table 4. 2: Respondents by marital status 
Responses  Number of the Respondents Percentage (%) 
Married 28 70.0 
Not Married 11 27.5 
Divorced 1 2.5 
Total  40 100.0 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
 
Table 4.2 presents marital status of the respondents. It shows that 28(70.0%) were 
married; 11(27.5%) respondents were not married and only one respondent (2.5%) was 
divorced. Therefore the majority of the respondents were married.  
 
4.2.4 Level of Education 
Figure 4.2 shows that a small number of the respondents (2.5%), (7.5%) and (5.0%) had 
Standard seven qualification, Form four and Six and Diploma qualification respectively 
while the  majority of the respondents (52.5%) had advanced diploma or first degree. 
This implies that majority of the respondents have sufficient education 
42 
 
Figure 4. 2: Level of Education 
Standard seven Secondary 
2.5% education/Form 
Masters four and Six
32.5% 7.5%
Diploma
5%
Advanced diploma 
or first degree
52.5%
 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
  
4.3 The Status of Violence against Children in Temeke District 
The study was interested to examine the status of violence against children in Temeke 
District. Respondents from the District Child Protection Team were asked individually 
to identify the status of violence against children. The study found that 54 cases  were  
recorded from July 2013 to June 2014, as illustrated in Figure 4.3 
Figure 4. 3: The Status of Violence 
 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
Figure 4.3 presents the status of violence against children in Temeke District. The study 
found that in July 2013 the district recorded 5 cases. The study also found that the 
43 
 
number of recorded cases dropped from 3 to 2 cases in August and September 
respectively.  In October the number of recorded cases increased to 11. This is due to 
increase in awareness as pointed out by one interviewee.  
 
“Training is provided to the District Child Protection Team. This increase awareness 
and ability to detect and report cases. Before training, incidents of child abuse and 
neglect often go undetected because police and other people coming into contact with 
children do not identify injuries, conditions, or behaviors as suspicious”. 
 
This is similar to the finding by Elmer (2006) that the awareness of the people involved 
in child protection system model increases due to training.  In the same vein, Figure 4.2 
shows also that the number of cases dropped in November and December 2013. 
Moreover, the study found that, in May 2014 the number of reported cases dropped 
from 8 to 3 cases. 
 
4.3.1 Types of   Violence against Children (VAC) 
The study was also interested to examine the types of   violence against children (VAC) 
in Temeke District. Respondents from the District Child Protection Team were asked 
individually to identify the types of   Violence against Children (VAC) in Temeke 
District. The study found that there are different types of VAC. Figure 4.4 shows the 
types of   violence against children. Most respondents (31.5%) identified neglect and 
denial of services as a major type of VAC; 26.5% identified violence as a major type of 
violence against children; 1.5%, 4.5% and 5.5% identified harmful traditional practices, 
child labour and trafficking respectively.   These results show that the most respondents 
(31.5%) identified neglect and denial of services as a major type of VAC in Temeke 
District.  
 
These findings are consistent with those by Nhlapo (2005), who found that the majority 
of children in developing countries lack primary care due to economic hardship. They 
are also similar to those by Elmer, (2006), the study found that, millions of children all 
over the world continue to be victims of violence and exploitation in the homes, at 
schools or within their communities, the very settings that are supposed to provide a 
protective environment for them. 
44 
 
Figure 4. 4: Types of   Violence against Children (VAC) 
 
Source: Field Data, (2015) 
 
 
“There are various types of violence against Children in Temeke District. Therefore, 
the government should prevent and respond to violence, exploitation and abuse against 
children including commercial sexual exploitation, child trafficking, child labour and 
harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation and childhood 
marriage”.  
 
Figure 4.5:  Factors influencing Violence against Children (VAC) 
 
Source: Field Data, (2015) 
 
45 
 
The study was also interested in examining  factors influencing violence against 
children The study found that, there are different factors influencing VAC. Figure 4.5 
presents factors influencing violence against children. 
Thirty seven and half percent of the respondents identified poverty as a major factor 
influencing violence against children; 11.5% identified separations of parents as a 
factor; 2.5% said divorce was a source of violence against children; 10.5% mentioned 
death of parents; and 2.5%, 4% and 4% identified traditional norms, drug abuse and 
family pressures as the factors influencing violence against children 
Divorce as a factor is similar to the finding by Davis et al. (2012), that the impact of 
divorce on children violence is well documented. Most react to their parents’ divorce 
with painful emotions including sadness, confusion, and fear of abandonment, guilt, 
misconceptions, anger, loyalty conflicts, worry and grief. Many children experience 
feelings of loss when one parent moves out of the family residence. In situations of 
intense conflict and domestic violence, children may have a sense of relief. 
Figure 4. 6: Factors influencing Violence against Children (VAC) 
 
Source: Field Data, (2015) 
 
4.3.4  The Effect of VAC on Victims 
With regard to the effects of violence against children, respondents were asked to 
identify the effect of VAC. Figure 4.6 shows the effect of violation against children. 
46 
 
Most respondents (45.0%) identified mental impairment as a major effect facing 
victims; 2.0% identified death as one of the effects of violation against children;  15.0% 
identified aggressive behavior as one of the effects of VAC and 35.0 % said  that VAC 
caused physical impairment.   
 
According to Riitta et al. (2011) VAC may cause death to victims. Children who 
experience VAC are also at increased risk for adverse health effects and certain chronic 
diseases as adults, including heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, 
obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high levels of C-reactive protein. 
The finding on aggressive behavior is similar to that by Elmer (2006) that, children who 
experience VAC increase risk for smoking, alcoholism, and drug abuse as adults, as 
well as engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors.  
 
Those with a history of VAC and neglect are more likely to use illicit drugs, especially 
marijuana, in middle adulthood. VAC victims are more likely to experience problems 
such as delinquency, teen pregnancy, and low academic achievement. 
 
Figure 4.7: The effect of VAC on Victims 
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Aggressive behaviour Physical impairment Mental impairment Death
Effect of VAC
 Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
47 
 
Number of Respondents
4.4 Implementation of Child Protection System Model 
The study was interested to examine how the child protection system model is 
implemented. Respondents were asked if they were aware of the implementation of 
child protection system model. Table 4.3 presents awareness of the respondents 
concerning the implementation of CPSM. The majority of the respondents (92.5%) 
were aware of the implementation of Child Protection System Model (CPSM) while a 
minority (7.5%) was not aware of the implementation of child protection system model. 
 
 
 
Table 4.3: Awareness concerning the Implementation of CPSM 
Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) 
Aware 37 92.5 
Not Aware 3 7.5 
Total 40 100.0 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
Respondents were asked to explain how the child protection system model was 
implemented. According to the interviews the District Child Protection Team are 
categorized into three levels. The District level that consists of different professionals 
like; the District social welfare Officer who is the coordinator of the team, District 
Lawyer, a Doctor, Resident Magistrate, Prisons Officer, Police, Education Officer, 
community development officer and a Planning Officer. The Ward level comprises of 
the ward executive Officer and the Community development officer and the third level 
is hamlet that involves village executive officer, child representative from the child 
junior council and community development officer. The essence here is to create 
referral mechanisms from the grass root level, to the ward and then to the District level. 
The referral mechanism depends on the nature of violence for example if a child is 
denied to attend school; village chairperson can resolve that with parents. Rape case a 
child is taken to the hospital where he or she is taken to a doctor who is member of the 
DCPT, will get medical treatment, the police will get the perpetrator to the court where 
the magistrate is also part of the DCPT. If found guilty taken to Prison while a victim 
receives counseling from social welfare officer. Here each member performs his or her 
duty to deal with issues of violence against children. The study also found out that the 
function of the DCPT is not to manage cases but individual members in the team are. It 
48 
 
was found in the study that different professionals in the DCPT team work as Push 
Forces in their respect work place to mainstream children’s concern or issues in their 
sector by raising awareness about prevention of violence against children. Fundrising is 
another function of the DCPT,this money entirely is taken for prevention and protection 
of VAC. 
 
The study found that the DCPT staff have meetings as part of giving themselves 
feedback this mechanisms speeds up the whole process of reporting case,it makes every 
member responsible to perform his or her duty thus effectiveness of the model. 
 
4.5 Effectiveness of the Child Protection System Model  
The study was interested to examine the extent to which the child protection system 
model has been effective. Respondents from the District Child Protection Team were 
asked individually to identify the extent to which child protection system model has 
been effective. Table 4.4 shows the extent to which the child protection system model 
has been effective. The study found that, the majority, 21(52.5%)  respondents said that 
to a large extent the child protection system model has been effective; 7(17.5%)  said 
that the system was effective to a small extent and 12(30.0%) were of the opinion  that 
the model was effective to a  medium extent.  
Table 4.4: Effectiveness of the CPSM  
Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) 
Small Extent 7 17.5 
Medium Extent 12 30.0 
Large Extent 21 52.5 
Total 40 100.0 
Source: Field Data, (2015) 
 
In the same vein, one interviewee said:  
“Child protection system model has been effectiveto some extent. Although significant 
steps have been taken to improve child protection system model for the protection of the 
rights of children in the piloted areas in Tanzania, many children are still vulnerable to 
violence, exploitation, neglect and abuse” 
 
49 
 
The effectiveness of the model was also assessed by examining the number of 
incidences per month and the number of reported cases as shown in Figure 4.7. The 
study found that, in July 2013 the number of cases was five cases, but two cases were 
reported.  
Figure 4.8 : The Effectiveness of CPSM 
 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
Similarly, in October 2013 the number of incidences were ten, but 15 cases were 
reported. This implies that the effectiveness of CPSM had  increased.  Also, the study 
found that, in May 2014 the number of reported cases was equal to the number of 
incidence.  
 
Furthermore, the effectiveness of the model was assessed by examining the time of 
hearing the cases. Figure 4.8 presents the time of hearing the case.  The study found 
that the  majority of the respondents (60.0%) said that; the cases were  heard the same 
day while .  a  small number of the respondents (10.0%) said that it took one day to hear 
the case; 10.0% said that it takes a week and a small number of the respondendents said 
that it takes more than two years for cases to be heard. 
 
50 
 
Figure 4.9: Time of hearing the Case 
 
Source: Field Data, (2015). 
 
Lastly, the effectiveness of the model was examined by looking at the penalties given to 
perpetrators. Respondents were asked to identify penalties taken against perpetrators. 
Figure 4.9 illustrates penalties taken against perpetrators. The study found that the  
majority of the respondnets (32.0%) said that alleged perpetrators were not found; 22% 
said  that, alleged perpetrators were prosecuted and found guilty; 7% said  that alleged 
perpetrators were prosecuted and cases were still pending and 9% revealed that the 
conflicts were mediated. 
  
51 
 
Figure 4.10: Penalties taken against Perpetrators 
 
Source: Field Data, (2015). 
 
4.6 Challenges in Implementing the Child Protection System Model 
The study was interested to examine challenges in implementing the child protection 
system model. Respondents were asked to identify challenges in implementing the 
child protection system model. The study found that, there are different challenges in 
implementing child protection system model. Table 4.5 shows challenges in 
implementing the child protection system model.   
 
The table shows that 15(37.5%) respondents mentioned lack of facilities as a major 
challenge; 10(25.0%) said that children were not fully involved in the system; 7 
(17.5%) mentioned perpetrators escaping after committing violence to children was a 
challenge and 8(20.0%) identified lack of enough manpower as a major challenge. 
  
Table 4.5: Challenges in Implementing the Child Protection System Model 
Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) 
Lack of facilities 15 37.5 
Perpetrators escaping 7 17.5 
Lack of enough manpower 8 20.0 
Children are not fully involved 10 25.0 
Total 40 100.0 
Source: Field Data, (2014). 
 
52 
 
The study found that significant number of the respondents (37.5%) identified that, lack 
of facilities like cars which can be used by the team when given information about 
cases impedes the effective implementation of child protection model. This finding is 
similar to that by Riitta et al. (2011) who found that lack of facilities hinder child 
protection programmes. Also, scarcity of funds was a major factor that impedes child 
protection systems. NGOs cannot help all vulnerable children; they tend to limit their 
support to a certain number of children. There is limited budget for outreach 
programmes and NGO’s basic activities. Support for longer-term strategies in support 
of system strengthening and social change remains a major challenge. 
The study also investigated challenges facing the District Child Protection Team. 
Figure 4.10 shows challenges facing the District Child Protection Team.  
Figure 4. 11: Challenges Facing the District Child Protection Team  
 
 
Source: Field Data, (2014) 
 
Thirty seven percent 37% of the respondents said that the team suffered  from heavy 
demand; 10 (25%) said that the Team’s structure relies on specific member of the team 
and 13% mentioned  inconsistence and maintenance of meetings as a challenge. The 
team is suffering from heavy demands for urgent responses and actions to ward 
reported cases that are increasingly being reported and are current at risk of being a 
special force. The Team’s structure relies on specific members of the team and limited 
people who have acquired skills and knowledge on child protection through five days 
53 
 
training. Then the team underwent a training of trainers course with facilitation of skills 
making them ready for the transfer of skills.   
 
 
 4.7 Strategies to Sustain Implementation of the Model 
The study explored strategies taken by donors to control factors that hinder 
implementing the child protection system model. Respondents were asked to identify 
such strategies. The study found that the implementers applied  various strategies to 
control factors that hinder implementing the child protection system model. Table 4.6 
presents strategies adapted by implementers to overcome challenges during 
implementing the child protection system model.  
 
Fourteen (35.0%) respondents revealed that donors make efforts to raise awareness of 
the community and all staff members regarding child protection system model, 
strengthening the skills of child protection among the staff and to deploy staff for 
greatest impact; (22.5%) said that, donors were providing training to involve staffs and 
17 (42.5%) suggested there is a need to increase funding. 
  
Table 4.6: Strategies taken by the Donors  
Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) 
Raising Awareness 14 35.0 
Increase Fund 17 42.5 
Provide training 9 22.5 
Total 40 100.0 
Source: Field Data, (2014). 
 
In the same vein, one interviewe said:  
 
“To overcome challenges facing child protection system model, donors adopted 
mechanism for fund rising in on order to increase fund and serve the large number of 
vulnerable children” 
 
 
 
 
 
 
54 
 
CHAPTER FIVE 
 
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
5.1 Introduction 
This chapter presents conclusion and recommendations of the study. The first section of 
the chapter gives summary of the study. Section two presents conclusion while 
recommendations of the study are discussed in third section. The last section of the 
chapter gives areas for further studies. 
 
5.2 Summary of the Study 
Generally, the study intended to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed child 
protection system model in preventing and responding to violence against children. The 
study was conducted at Temeke District. The objectives of the study were; to examine 3 
the status of violence against children in Temeke District, to assess the implementation 
of Child Protection System Model (CPSM), to identify the extent to which the child 
protection system model has been effective and to examine challenges in implementing 
the child protection system model. 
 
The case study research design was used whereas a sample of 40 respondents was used 
in collecting data. Primary data was collected through questionnaire and interview 
guide while secondary data was collected through documentary analysis. The study 
found that, there are 54 cases that are recorded from July 2013 to June 2014. The study 
found that, the number of recorded cases dropped from 3 to 2 cases in July and 
September respectively.  In October the number of recorded cases increases to 11 cases.  
Also, the study found that, there are different types of VAC in Temeke District.  
Moreover, the study found that, the large number of the respondents identified mental 
impairment as a major effect facing victims. The major effects facing victims involve; 
death, aggressive behavior and physical impairment.  
 
55 
 
Furthermore, the study found that, child protection system model has been effective for 
some extent despite of the various challenges. Challenges in implementing the child 
protection system model involve; lack of facilities, perpetrators escaping, lack of 
enough manpower and children are not fully involved. 
 
The study concludes that child protection system model has been effective for some 
extent. Although significant steps have been taken to improve child protection system 
model for the protection of the rights of children in the piloted areas in Tanzania, the 
study recommends that there is a need to improve the effectiveness of the child 
protection system model, this requires accountability and transparency, good laws and 
policies cannot protect children unless all duty bearers are held accountable to them. 
Actors in child protection must be open to scrutiny by different stakeholders and the 
general public 
 
5.3 Conclusions 
The study concludes that the number of recorded cases increases due to increase 
awareness about Child Protection System Model (CPSM). Training is provided to the 
District Child Protection Team. This increase awareness and ability to detect and report 
cases. Also, the study concludes that, there are different types of   Violence against 
Children (VAC). These involve, lack of primary care, trafficking, child labour and 
harmful traditions. 
 
The study concludes that, there are various factors influencing Violence against 
Children (VAC). Major factors influencing VAC are poverty and separation of parents. 
Child may react to their parents’ divorce with painful emotions including sadness, 
confusion, and fear of abandonment, guilt, misconceptions, anger, loyalty conflicts, 
worry and grief. Many children experience feelings of loss when one parent moves out 
of the family residence. On the other hand poverty influence child labour, street 
children and school dropout. 
 
Moreover, the study concludes that, Violence against Children (VAC) may cause death, 
aggressive behavior and physical impairment. Children may experience severe scar or 
56 
 
fatal head trauma as a result of VAC. Meanwhile, the study concludes that child 
protection system model has been effective for some extent. Although significant steps 
have been taken to improve child protection system model for the protection of the 
rights of children in the piloted areas in Tanzania 
 
Furthermore, the study concludes that, there are different challenges in implementing 
the Child Protection System Model. These involve, lack of facilities, perpetrators 
escaping, children are not fully involved and lack of enough manpower. The structure 
relies on specific member of the team and limited people who have acquired skills and 
knowledge on child protection through five days training. 
 
5.4 Recommendations 
UNICEF should provide training to the District Child Protection Team (DCPT). This 
will increase awareness and ability to detect and report cases. DCPT should work in the 
best interests of the child. This is to ensure that all the work undertaken and decisions 
made are for the paramount importance of the child. There is a need to improve child 
participation in child protection system model. The voices and opinions of children 
must be sought in all efforts aimed at addressing their needs. Deliberate effort must be 
made to involve children at all levels of the model for child protection system. 
 
Government should prevent and respond to violence, exploitation and abuse against 
children including commercial sexual exploitation, child trafficking, child labour and 
harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation and childhood marriage. 
The family is the primary institution that should be responsible for fulfilling the basic 
needs of children, including providing security, love, food, clothing, shelter, health 
care, education and entertainment. There is a need to improve the effectiveness of the 
child protection system model, this requires accountability and transparency, good laws 
and policies cannot protect children unless all duty bearers are held accountable to 
them. Actors in child protection must be open to scrutiny by different stakeholders and 
the general public. Where, failures and weaknesses are identified, there should be 
genuine efforts to address them and improve. The strategy to combat the street children 
problem should be based on a governmental approach and governments should deal 
57 
 
with street children as individuals with rights; this is the responsibility of the entire 
society, which should have a firm stand to give street children their rights to education, 
health, and protection from violation, and a decent life. 
 
There is a need to provide facilities for District Child Protection Team (DCPT). DCPT 
requires good facilities such as cars and computers. Also, external actors should build 
on positive community mechanisms, working in partnership and strengthening the 
capacity of local actors, including civil society, in support of child protection rights. 
Efforts should be made to increase manpower in child protection system team. This will 
foster the ability to report cases and to deal with perpetrators who escape from the laws. 
Also, this will facilitate District Child Protection Team (DCPT) to cope with high 
demand. 
 
The government should take important consideration to children affected by parents’ 
separation. Also, a basic education system that can incorporate children who have 
dropped out of school should be established. Moreover, the Ministry of Education 
should maintain its efforts aimed at minimizing school drop outs, as the phenomenon is 
considered to be one of main factors pushing children to the streets.  Communities 
living in poverty must be given access to economic empowerment opportunities by the 
government to fend for their children and provide sustenance. Also, NGOs should meet 
children’s basic rights. These include food and nutrition, health, shelter, education, 
clean and safe drinking water among other related rights.  
 
Efforts to protect and promote child rights must be family and community based. An 
effective child protection system ensures that services are located close to the family 
and community. Through such arrangements, informal networks of extended family, 
neighbours, and community members can be strengthened to care and protect children 
from violence and exploitation. Government should ensure Non-discrimination and 
inclusion of marginalized children. All children must be included in the initiatives 
aimed at ensuring child protection, regardless of their status and that of their caregivers. 
 
58 
 
5.5 Areas for Further Studies 
Impending studies on the implementation of child protection system model should 
involve all piloted areas. Also, the study should examine factors impede child 
protection in Tanzania.  Moreover, future studies should include an examination of 
difficulties faced by childcare organizations in providing assistance to children. 
Furthermore, future studies should find out strategies that can prevent, detect and 
protect children from violence. 
59 
 
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APPENDICES 
 
Appendix I:  Questionnaire 
 
Kindly   answer the few questions below which indeed are designed to give you an 
opportunity to participate in this initiative for which all of us deserve to be part of. 
(Please put a "v" or "x" in the brackets or against the answer you chosen). 
1. Sex of respondent  
(a) Male                                                                            (          ) 
(b) Female                                                                         (          ) 
2. Age of respondent 
(a) Below 18 years                                                            (          ) 
(b) Between 18 and 45 years                                            (           ) 
(c) Above 45 years                                                            (          ) 
3.  Education level of a  respondent 
(a) Primary education                                                       (            ) 
(b) Secondary education                                                   (            ) 
(c) Collage/ University                                                     (            ) 
4. What is the current status of violence against children? 
.................................................................... 
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
Do you know the forms/types of violence exist in Tanzania? If  
(a) Yes, mention 
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………… 
(b ) If no, 
why?...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................  
63 
 
What is the proposed child protection system model being piloted in three districts 
of Hai, Magu, and Temeke in Tanzania all about? 
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
How is the model implemented? 
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………… 
5. What are the challenges of implementing the model? 
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………… 
6. As the model brought any significant changes in preventing and responding to 
violence against 
children?.....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... 
7. Who owns the model? 
……………………………………………………………………………... 
………………………………………………………………………………………
Has the model been effective? If  Yes, give reasons 
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………… 
If no, 
why?........................................................................................................................... 
8. Do you think the model will be 
sustainable?.............................................................................. 
 
 
 
 
 
64 
 
Appendix II: Interview Guide 
 
1. What is the status of violence against children in Temeke district? 
2. How is the child protection system model being implemented? 
3. To what extent has the child protection system model been effective? 
4. What are the challenges in implementing the child protection system model? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
65